VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY) 583 



petioles slender, wiry, often purplish at base ; petals variable, 4-12 mm. wide, 

 deep violet to pale lilac, rarely pure white or white suffused with violet, all occa- 

 sionally bearing scattered hairs ; sepals ovate, usually obtuse, closely ciliolate 

 nearly to the tip ; cleistogamous flowers sagittate, on horizontal or recurved 

 peduncles; their mature capsules purple (sometimes green), subglobose, 5-8 

 mm. long, subtended by the spreading ciliolate auricles of the sepals; seeds 

 brown. Moist open woodlands, especially under conifers, P.E.I., Que., and 

 Out. to Ct. and w. N. Y. 



14. V. nbvae-angliae House. Differs from the last in its narrow cordate- 

 triangular leaves, 2-4 cm. wide at time of petaliferous flowering, in not having 

 ciliolate sepals and auricles, and in flowering a week or two later ; in late sum- 

 mer the breadth of leaf often equals its length. Gravelly beaches of the St. 

 John R., n. Me. (Fernald)-, rocky banks of the Penobscot R., Me. (Knight). 



15. V. fimbriatula Sm. Rootstock becoming long and stout in age, usually 

 erect; the earliest leaves ovate, obtuse, the later ones ovate- oblong, acute, 

 finely pubescent, obscurely crenulate toward the apex, the basal lobes sometimes 

 sharply toothed or incised ; flowers violet-purple, on peduncles commonly longer 

 than the leaves ; cleistogamous capsules green, ovoid, 6-10 mm. long ; auricles 

 of the sepals spreading and ciliate ; seeds brown. (F. ovata Nutt.; V. sagittata 

 Man. ed. 6, in part.) Sandy fields and dry hillsides, N. S. to Wise., and southw. 



16. V. sagittata Ait. Mature leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the 

 blades 4-8 cm. long, hastately or sagittately incised or toothed at the base ; the 

 earliest and those produced in late summer often nearly deltoid, obtuse, merely 

 crenate at the base; petals violet-purple; sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute, 

 glabrous ; capsules 8-14 mm. long, containing 50-70 brown seeds. Moist banks 

 and fields, Mass, to Minn., and southw., especially near the coast. In O. and 

 westw. a pubescent form of the species is prevalent (F. subsagittata Greene). 



17. V. emarginata Le Conte. Mature leaves approximately triangular, the 

 base truncate or slightly cordate, often decurrent, obscurely crenate-serrate 

 above the middle, coarsely toothed or incised below ; petals violet-blue, fre- 

 quently emarginate ; cleistogamous capsules narrowly ovoid, 8-14 mm. long, on 

 peduncles somewhat shorter than the leaves; seeds brown. Dry woods and 

 hillsides, N. J. and southw. 



18. V. Brittoniana Pollard. First leaves reddish beneath, merely dentate ; 

 later leaves reniform to ovate in outline, 5-9-lobed or -parted, the lateral seg- 

 ments narrow, the middle segment often much the widest, glabrous except for 

 minute pubescence on the upper surface and margin ; flowers large, rich violet, 

 with the white throat conspicuous ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; capsules 

 ovoid-cylindric, 10-18 mm. long, on peduncles about the length of the petioles ; 

 seeds about 1.6 mm. long, buff-colored. (F. septemloba of auth., not Le Conte ; 

 V. atlantica Britton, not Pomel.) In moist sandy or peaty soil near the 

 coast, s. Me., and southw. 



19. V. pectinata Bicknell. Leaves ovate-deltoid in general outline, some- 

 times narrower but often much wider than long, the base truncate, subcordate, 

 or somewhat decurrent on the petiole, the apex acute to acuminate or occa- 

 sionally blunt, the margin sharply dentate or below the middle closely pectinate ; 

 in pubescence, flower, "fruit, and seed quite the same as F. Brittoniana, with 

 which it is associated in all the known stations. Damp meadows, Dedharn, 

 Mass. ; Stratford, Ct. ; Woodmere, N. Y. ; Dayton, N. J. 



20. V. pedatifida G. Don. Rootstock short, vertical; leaves palmately 

 parted, the divisions variously cleft and incised into linear lobes ; leaves usually 

 cuneate at the base, with prominent flabelliform veins, minutely pubescent on 

 the margin ; scapes exceeding the leaves, bearing showy violet flowers ; cleistoga- 

 mous capsules light gray when ripe, 10-15 mm. long, on peduncles commonly 

 shorter than the petioles ; seeds 2 mm. long, light brown. Prairies, n. O. to 

 Sask., south westw. to N. Mex. Varies much in leaf-pattern, passing through 

 forms less deeply dissected and with wider oblong lobes ( F. Bernardi Greene) 

 to forms with leaves somewhat rhomboidal in outline, the base broadly cuneate 

 and entire, the upper contour rounded, sharply cleft and toothed ( V. 

 Greene). 



