THE TURTLE-DOVE PATTERN IN OTHER ORDERS OF BIRDS. 135 



are seen before we come to the end of the feather, where we find the central dark 

 spot. The whole feather is edged on the sides as well as the tip with pale brown. 

 The conditions are here such as plainly to show that the central spot may break up 

 directly into transverse bars. 



(2) This same process is shown in a less advanced stage in Charadrius pluvialis 

 orientalist In the longer tertials of this bird the lateral margins of both sides have 

 invaded the dark centers, at several and corresponding levels, to a depth that cuts 

 away about one-half of the center. I have seen such beginnings of bars in still other 

 birds. 



(3) The European woodcock 41 (Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus) is generally marked 

 with transverse bars. The breast, under parts, wings, and back have narrow bars; 

 the primaries have wider transverse bars. 



(4) In the great northern diver 42 (Colymbus gladalis Linnaeus) the back and 

 wing-coverts have dark (grayish-black) centers like those of the turtle-dove, and 

 the feathers are edged with a light-ashy color. Latham (Vol. X, p. 89) says this 

 bird is the young of the black-throated loon (Colymbus arcticus or Urinator arclicus). 

 The young is said to have the same dark centers with light edging. 



(5) In the whimbrel or lesser curlew 43 (Scolopax phaeopos Linnaeus) the scapu- 

 lars and wing-coverts have dark-brown centers and light grayish edges. Some of 

 the feathers of the side of the body have transverse bars; the upper tail-coverts are 

 also barred. The tail has 7 to 8 transverse bars. The longer primaries are dusky 

 black, marked on the inner web with incipient transverse bars; the next shorter 

 ones are marked on the inner web with semicircular transverse spots; the 4 or 5 

 shorter quills, next to the body, have no bars or spots. Here we have both dark 

 centers and incipient bars. 



TRANSVERSE BARS. 



In several species having transverse bars the two sexes have been noted by 

 various observers 44 to show unequal stages of barring. 



(1) Around the whole lower half of the neck in the female of the Coromandel 

 teal transverse bars are present, while in the male only a few obscure remnants of 

 such bars remain in this region. Everywhere we find the male in advance of the 

 female and the young. If the female has bars, the male has finer bars, or bars 

 obsolescent. 



Latham says of the male: "Lower part of the neck striated across with fine lines 

 of the same (dusky black). . . . The female differs in having the lines on the lower 

 part of the neck broader, and less distinct." The plates cited, however, do not 

 agree with this. 



(2) In the gadwal duck (Anas strepera) the breast and all of the lower neck are 

 richly "festooned" or "scaled" in the male. The back and flanks are finely trans- 

 versely barred ("vermiculate"). In the female the lower parts are not barred, and 

 the feathers of the upper side are brown and edged with pale reddish i.e., these 

 feathers are marked like those of the Japanese turtle-dove. 



40 Ibid., pi. LXII. 



11 Buffon, Vol. VII, page 462, pi. enl. No. 885. 



"Buffon, Vol. VIII, page 251, pi. enl. No. 914. 



43 Buffon, Vol. VIII, page 27, pi. HI. 



44 Buffon, Hist. Ois., Vols. VI, VII, and IX; Brisson, Ornithologie, Vol. VI; and Latham, Vol. X, are cited as 

 authorities. ED. 



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