18 PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. [aNNO l665. 



1. Tliat among the substances capable of being frozen, there are not only all 

 gross sorts of saline bodies, but such also as are freed from their grosser parts, 

 not excepting spirit of urine, the lixivium of pot-ashes, nor oil of tartar, per 

 deliquhiw, itself. 



3. That many very spirituous liquors, freed from their aqueous parts, cannot 

 be brought to freeze, neither naturally, nor artificially : And here is occasionally 

 mentioned a way of keeping moats unpassable in very cold countries, recorded 

 by Olaus Magnus. 



4. What are the ways proper to estimate the greater or less coldness of 

 bodies ; and by what means we can measure the intenseness of cold produced by 

 art, beyond that which nature needs to employ for the freezing of water ; as 

 also, in what proportion water of a moderate degree of coldness will be made to 

 shrink by snow and salt, before it begin by congelation to expand itself; and 

 then, how to measure, by the differing weight and density of the same portion of 

 water, what change was produced in it, betwixt the hottest time of summer, 

 and first glaciating degree of cold ; and then the highest which our author could 

 produce by art : Where an inquiry is annexed, whether the making of these kinds 

 of trials, with the waters of the particular rivers and seas men are to sari on, may 

 afford any useful estimate whether or not, and how much, ships may on those 

 waters be safely loaden more in winter than in summer ? To which is added 

 the way of making exact discoveries of the different degrees of coldness in differ- 

 ent regions, by such thermometers as are not subject to the alterations of the 

 atmosphere's gravitation, nor to be frozen. 



5. Whether in cold, the diffusion from cold bodies be made more strongly 

 downwards, contrary to that of hot bodies: Where is delivered a way of freezing 

 liquors without danger of breaking the vessel, by making them begin to freeze 

 at the bottom, not the top. 



6. Whether that tradition be true, that if frozen apples or eggs be thaw^ed 

 near the fire, they will be thereby spoiled, but if immersed in cold water, the 

 internal cold will be drawn out, as is supposed, by the external cold ; and the 

 frozen bodies will be harmlessly thawed. Item, Whether iron, or other metals, 

 glass, stone, cheese, &c. exposed to the freezing air, or kept in snow, or salt, 

 upon the immersing them in water will produce any ice. Item, What use may 

 be made of what happens in the different ways of thawing eggs and apples, by 

 applying the observation to other bodies, and even to men, dangerously nipped 

 by excessive cold. Where is added not only a memorable relation, how the 

 whole body of a man was successfully thawed and cased all over with ice, by 

 being treated as frozen eggs and apples are ; but also the luciferousness of such 

 experiments, as these : and likewise, what the effects of cold may be, as to the 



