310 PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. [aNNO 1686. 



The fifth and last part treats of the pipes that are to convey water, and of 

 their necessary strength. It consists of three discourses : the first shows the size 

 of pipes requisite for the several expenses of water ; proving that in small pipes 

 emptying the same water, the water, running faster, has more friction and is 

 consequently more retarded ; to avoid wUiich, this rule is given, that the squares 

 of the diameters of the pipes be as the quantity of water to be expended ; in 

 which case the water will run in all alike fast, and the friction be the same ; 

 and when a great pipe branches into several smaller, distributed to different 

 jets, the square of the diameter of the main pipe must be proportioned to the 

 sun) of all the expenses of its branches. The second discourse treats of the 

 strength of pipes requisite for bearing the pressure of the water ; where are 

 several pretty experiments of the resistance of solids. The last gives a method 

 of distributing water by pipes into a city ; and shows how those pipes are to 

 be cleansed from mud, by leaving apertures to let out the water in those places 

 where the pipes lie lowest ; and from air, by the like apertures left on the tops of 

 those eminences where the pipes pass. 



An Essay towards an Universal Alphabet. By Mr. Francis Lodwick, R, S. S. 



N° 182, p. 126. 



Having observed a great difficulty in truly writing what is pronounced, or 

 truly pronouncing what is written, either in our own, or foreign languages, by 

 the common alphabets now in use, arising either from the want of some letters, 

 or the different pronunciation of the same character, or letter, in different 

 languages, and the irregularities of its various sounds in any one language ; I 

 saw a necessity of some such expedient as is here attempted, viz. An Universal 

 Alphabet, which should contain an enumeration of all such single sounds, or 

 letters, as are used in any language. The benefits of such a collection are the 

 following. 1. Children, being at first taught and accustomed to the true ex- 

 pression of all these single sounds, or letters, will without difficulty be brought 

 to pronounce truly and readily any language whatever; for the difficulty some 

 persons have to pronounce some letters, is owing to their not being accustomed 

 to pronounce them, either single or in conjunction with others : a difficulty 

 which chiefly takes place in persons come to age. 2. It will enable any one, 

 accustomed to the true pronunciation of this alphabet, truly to describe the pro- 

 nunciation of any language whatever ; and although he had never before heard 

 this language pronounced, he shall at first sight of such writing, be able truly 

 to sound it. 3. It will also be useful to perpetuate the true sounds of any lan- 

 guage, and serve as a standard of it to after-ages. For if all the single sounds 

 be here characterized, and that no one character have more than one sound. 



