VOL. XVIII.] PHILOSOPHICAL TEANSACTIONS. 651 



to counterfeit so bass a voice as a man's ; it being observed by some ingenious 

 p; rsons, that parrots are ventriloquists, and that it may be queried whether all 

 ventriloquous cheats may not by nature be framed for such an imposture. The 

 heart, in proportion to the animal, was large, and the liver small. The tongue 

 was broad and thick, at the end somewhat like a man's, whence a parrot has its 

 name du^^uiroyXurTo^ ; its extremity was armed with a black horny cover. It has, 

 besides the gizzard, two craws, the uppermost being only a receptacle or sack 

 for the food, which is canary seed, to be again returned to its mouth, where it 

 is again chewed, having before been only husked ; this animal ruminating as 

 some quadrupeds do ; and I have observed this bird, when on the perch, not 

 only bring its food again up into its mouth and there chew it, but when the 

 cock and hen sit together on the perch he will put it out of his into the hen's 

 mouth. Their manner of chewing is thus : the under bill being much shorter 

 shuts within the upper, or against the roof of the mouth, which is fitted with 

 several rows of very small and cross-bars, as the mouths of horses, dogs, and 

 some other animals are ; these bars are not soft but horny, being part of the 

 upper bill ; so that the bird, by carrying the edge of the under bill and end of 

 the tongue against the ridges in the upper, breaks and reduces to a pap the 

 seeds that have been first moistened in the craw, to expedite which action, the 

 upper bill is jointed just below the eyes. The food, being thus macerated, is 

 by the gula again committed to the second craw, but before its entrance into it, 

 it passes by a number of small glands placed in that part of the gula ; that the 

 food may squeeze out of them, in its passage, a juice, of what necessity in 

 digestion may be inquired. From hence the food passes to the gizzard, or 

 proper ventricle, small in comparison of the ingluvies or crop, where by several 

 small stones picked out of the sand given it, by the motion of the gizzard it is 

 comminuted, and thence transmitted to the intestines, on the sides of which 

 within a small distance is placed the pancreas. The proportions of all these 

 parts to each other will be best seen by the following figures, in pi. J 4, which 

 are purposely drawn as large as the life. 



In fig. 8, a, is the aspera arteria ; b, that part which forms as it were another 

 larynx ; c, part of the gula ; d, the upper craw ; e, the heart ; ft', the venas 

 axillares ; gg, the jugulars ; h, a small gland on one of them ; i i, the two auri- 

 cles of the heart ; k k, the liver ; 1, the gizzard. In fig. Q, a, is the trachea ; 

 bb, the larynx, by which parrots are rendered ventriloquists; cc, the two 

 branches of the trachea. In fig. lO, a a, the cornua of the os hyoides ; b b, two 

 muscles of the larynx ; c, the fissure or glottis ; d, the trachea ; e, the tongue ; 

 f, the horny end thereof. In fig. I J, a a, the testes ; bb, the deferentia; cc, 

 the kidneys; dd, the ureters. In fig. 1'2, a, is the upper part of the gula; b, 



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