224 PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. [aNNO 1705. 



tongue, and ends near the middle of the uvula. 3. Pharyngo-staphylinus; 

 which has a large and broad beginning from the lower part of the pharynx, 

 whence ascending and passing under the tonsillae, it terminates at the side of 

 the uvula laterally. When we inspect the mouth of a living person, the two 

 arches or risings we observe at the sides of the uvula, proceed from the swell- 

 ing of the two last-described muscles. 



In the pharynx he observes three orifices, one that leads to the mouth, 

 another to the nose, and a third to the oesophagus; all which are dilated and 

 contracted by the following muscles, whose descriptions agree very well with 

 the life, as I also observed in the same subject. 1. Pharyngo-staphylinus, or 

 staphylo-pharyngaeus ; which is the same with the third muscle of the uvula, 

 and serves the motions of both in common, being by some falsely called cephalo- 

 pharyngaeus. 2. Glosso-pharyngaeus, falsely called by some sphoeno-pharyn- 

 gaeus: its origin is in common with the glosso-staphylinus, whence it goes 

 round the upper part of the pharynx, uniting with its fellow on the other side 

 by a tendinous line. 3. Stylo-pharyngaeus ; to the known description of which, 

 he adds nothing. 4. Hyopharyngaeus : this has a double origin, one from the 

 horns of the os hyoides, the other from the cartilaginous appendages near the 

 basis of that bone ; from whence it surrounds part of the pharynx, and joins 

 with its partner by a middle line. He adds, that a violent contraction of this 

 pair of muscles may cause a luxation of the foresaid appendages, which hinders 

 deglutition till reduced. 5. Thyropharyngaeus; which rises from the sides of 

 the cartilago thyroidea, and like the former, goes round the pharynx, uniting 

 with its fellow in its middle and back part. d. Cricopharyngaeus; which rises 

 from the cartilage of that name, and like a sphincter surrounds the beginning 

 of the oesophagus. 



Although I designed not at this time to have made any remarks on what our 

 author advances in this treatise, referring that to another opportunity, yet I 

 cannot refrain from one reflection en passant; which is this: had the accurate 

 Valsalva read and examined what Mr. Cowper has written sometime since, on 

 the muscular structure of the fauces, in his excellent book of Reformed 

 Myotomy, an abstract of which our author might have seen in the Acta Eru- 

 ditorum, published in 1696, Suppl. Tom. ii. p. 508, he had certainly obliged 

 us with a better and more complete account of its muscles; for he has wholly 

 omitted the most considerable part of Mr. Cowper's Musculus Pterigopharyn- 

 gaeus, which rises from the processus pterigoides, being satisfied with describing 

 only the lower part of it, which springs from the tongue and the os hyoides, 

 which he makes to be two pair of distinct muscles. I wonder how he came to 

 overlook, this, which I always observed to appear in dissection, as Mr. Cowper 



