VOL. XXIX.] PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. 26f 



laxed when the tongue is thrust out ; bb the cartilages, running in their vagina 

 on the outside of the said muscles ; c the larynx or passage to the aspera 

 arteria. I observed no epiglottis ; dd two articulations or joints in the under 

 beak or bill; e the hole or passage, by which the tongue in its vagina comes 

 out and is drawn in again; f what I call the tongue, in the inside of which the 

 two cartilages are brought together, till they are both articulated to one single 

 bone, at the end of which is the horny barbed tip; g one of the pyramidal 

 glands; h the lower bill. 



In fig. 4, A represents that part which I think may most properly be called 

 the tongue; a small bone running through it: this, as far as c, is flat and thin 

 at the sides. It is cut away at d, to show the bones within it ; b the horny tip 

 of the tongue, about a quarter of an inch long, strong and sharp, furnished 

 with 4 or 5 barbs on each side; (not with an infinite number as Coiterus says.) 

 These barbs are sharp and moveable, like the small teeth at the root of the 

 tongue, and beginning of the gula, in the pike and jack-fishes, in that of 

 eagles and the like; so as to let the prey slip easily on, but not so easily get off 

 again ; c the end of the bone of the tongue, where the two bony cartilages are 

 articulated ; d the place where the upper part of the tongue is cut away to 

 show the bone; e several small tendons, or rather, as I take them to be, nerves, 

 running through the tongue. Of these, some go to the end of the cartilages, 

 others accompany the muscles to the neck ; ff two bones or cartilages, which 

 in the bird, are united by a thin membrane as far as the next joint, so as to 

 opei) asunder to some distance, but not to separate quite. These two bones 

 seem to answer to the ossa hyoidea in other animals. At the place marked gg^ 

 the muscle that draws the tongue into the mouth is fastened, or rather leaves 

 the tongue at that place; it having its insertion near the end of it : this muscle 

 is represented by qq in the first figure ; hh the two bony and springy cartilages 

 running on each side of the neck ; which being joined close together on the 

 top of the head, pass so joined to the nostril, or nose- hole on the right side. 



By considering and comparing these four figures, the true mechanism and 

 motion of the tongue, seems to be in short thus: the two long muscles inserted 

 near the end of this lower beak, and reaching to the end of the cartilages, 

 being contracted, the round hoop of the cartilages is drawn up, from each side 

 of the neck, close to the pyramidal gland; and at the same time the muscles 

 that draw the tongue into the mouth being relaxed, and the articulations at c 

 and gg in the 4th figure, brought near to a straight line, the tongue is thrown 

 out to the length of 4 or 5 inches. But when those long muscles are relaxed, 

 the pair of muscles represented by kk in the 2d figure, being contracted, draw 

 the articulations gg, where they are fastened, down into the throat or wide 



MM 2 



