THE CHARE. 11? 



found in the Lago Maggiore. It has a green back and silvery sides and belly, with small cross-shaped 

 black spots on the sides. The Salmo rappii and Salmo lacustris are both found in Lake Constance, the 

 latter ranging into the lakes of Upper Austria. The former is rather the larger species, but both reach 

 a length from two feet six to three feet. The Salmo marsilii of the mountain lakes of Upper Austria 

 is remarkable for having from ninety to a hundred pyloric appendages to the stomach, about twice ss 

 many as are usually found in Trout. This species reaches a length of three feet. Salmo microlepis is 

 found only in the rivers of Hungary. In France, the rivers running into the Atlantic yield the Salmo 

 argenteus, which reaches a length of two feet and a half. There are several Trout peculiar to 

 Scandinavia and Finland, others are found in the Crimea, in Armenia, the rivers of Hindxi Koosh, and 

 the Pacific coast of Northern Asia and North America, especially British Columbia, while to the east 

 of the Rocky Mountains other species, which do not migrate, are found in the great lakes. 



The CHARR (Salmo alpinus) is remarkable for the smallness of its scales. In the breeding season 

 the belly acquires a bright red or orange tint, and they are hence called Rothfohren by the Swedes. 

 They are found throughout the lakes of Switzerland, Germany, the British Isles, and Scandinavia. In 

 form they vary with the locality. Mr. Thompson states that in some lakes they are nearly as round 

 as an Eel, while in others they approximate to the form of a Herring. In Windermere they generally 

 weigh from half a pound to a pound or more. Formerly the Charr occurred in Lake Llanberis, 

 but the waters from a copper mine drove it down to the sea, where it still continued to be caught at 

 the mouths of rivers on the coast. The Charr generally live in the deepest parts of the lakes. The 

 stomach is commonly empty, though it sometimes contains small fresh-water Crustacea. The spawning 

 season is in November and December, when the fish make their way into the stream which runs into 

 the lake, though the spawn may be deposited in the lake itself where the bottom happens to be 

 stony. This species is in the greatest perfection for food between July and October. The Charrs 

 have been separated fi*om the Salmon as a sub-generic group called Salvelini, characterised by having 

 teeth only on the head of the vomerine bone, while all the true Salmon have teeth not only on the 

 head of the bone, but along its length. Most of the Charrs have teeth in the median line of the 

 hyoid bone. They are a large group, comprising about thirty species. 



Among the European species are the Ombre Chevalier (Salmo umbla), which is limited to the 

 Lakes of Constance, Neufchatel, and Geneva ; the Salmo salvelinus, which is not clearly distinguished 

 from Salmo umbla. It is characteristic of the alpine lakes of Bavaria and Austria, but also occurs 

 in Sweden. Salmo nivalis is a Charr from the lakes and rivers of Iceland, which reaches a length of 

 twenty-one inches. The Windermere Charr (Salmo willuyhbii] is also found in some of the lochs of 

 Scotland ; Salmo killinensis is known only from Inverness-shire, and grows to a length of ten to 

 fifteen inches. Salmo perisii is found in the lakes of North Wales. Salmo grayi is the Fresh-water 

 Herring from Lough Melvin, in Ireland. Another Irish species, seven or eight inches long, has been 

 named Salmo colii. The Salmon of the Danube, which when old attains a reddish tinge, is named 

 Salmo hucho, and is characterised by wanting the median teeth on the hyoid bone. Another species, 

 Salmo losses, frequents the rivers flowing into the Baltic, and has been found in the river Kama, as well 

 as in the Caspian Sea There are several Asiatic species of this group, such as the Salmo fluviatilis, 

 which does not appear to bs migratory, and sometimes reaches a weight of eighty pounds in the Siberian 

 rivers. Salmo erythrinus is a Charr from the mountain lake Fi-elicha, which communicates with the 

 north-east of Lake Baikal ; and there are other species in the rivers which make their way into the 

 Pacific. Two species of Charr are recorded from the fresh waters of the Pacific side of North America, 

 and several others from the lakes and rivers of the eastern side of that continent. Salmo hudsonicus 

 is found in Hudson's Bay, Labrador, and Newfoundland. Other species have been found in the 

 highest northern latitudes. 



The genus Oncorhynchus includes several species of migratory fishes, with an elongated anal fin, 

 having more rays than the Salmon found in the American and Asiatic rivers which flow into the Pacific. 

 The Calif ornian Salmon belongs to this genus. The Oncorhynchus sanguinolentus, which often 

 weighs from ten to twelve pounds, acquires a blood-red colour on the sides in October, but the 

 colour fades to a brick-red tint in January. Its eggs are large. 



The next important genus in this family is Osmerus, of which there are three well-known 

 species : Osmerus thaleichthys, common in the Bay of San Francisco, can be burned like a candle ; 



