FOSSIL nSHS. 149 



strata, are allied to the Cestracion, as are the teeth of Psaniraodus, Petalodus, and other genera 

 found in the Carboniferous rocks. The grey Sharks are represented by species of ISTotidanus in both 

 the Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks. The Porbeagle genus Lamna has many species in the same 

 formations. The Skates are well known in a fossil state. A large number of the doubly-serrated 

 spines, found in the Coal Measures, appear to belong to the Trygonidse. Other types, like the Eagle 

 Ray, are well represented by such genera as Zygobatis and Myliobatis. Fossil species of Torpedo 

 are met with in the Tertiary deposit at Monte Bolca. Saw-fishes exist in the lower Tertiaries of 

 the London and Hampshire basin. 



The Teleostean fishes chiefly belong to the larger orders. Although the Teleostean fishes in an 

 embryonic stage have the tail heterocercal, and afterwards grow through that into the homocercal 

 stage, the fossils hitherto found afford no demonstration that Teleostean fishes have been evolved 

 from the Paladchthyes. The Perch family is well represented in a fossil state, especially in the 

 Tertiary formations of Monte Bolca and (Eningen. The Sea Breams date back to the Cretaceous 

 rocks of Mount Lebanon, and the family is well represented in the Lower Tertiary strata. The 

 Scorpseniclse, a family remarkable for often possessing poison glands on the spines, is represented 

 by a fossil species of Scorpsena from the Eocene of Algeria. Fishes allied to Beryx are known from 

 the Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks of many parts of the world. The Sword-fishes first appear in the 

 Chalk of England. An extinct genus of this group is found in the London Clay. The family Trichiu- 

 rida? are well represented in the Secondary rocks, especially the Upper Greensand and Chalk, by the 

 genus Enchodus, which has long strong teeth. In the Tertiary beds this family becomes more abundant, 

 while several existing genera occur in the newer Tertiary strata. Closely resembling these fishes is 

 the extinct genus Paheorhynchus, which has jaws forming a long beak ; it is found in the slates of 

 Glaris. The family Acronuridse is represented in the deposits at Monte Bolca by fossil species of the 

 living genera Acanthurus and Naseus. The carnivorous family Carangidse date back to the 

 Secondary period. The family Coryphsenidse have some Tertiary representatives chiefly from the Isle 

 of Sheppey and Monte Bolca. The Mackerel family have only been found in the fossil state in 

 Tertiary beds. Fishes allied to the Star-gazer have been met with in the newer Tertiary formations. 

 The Gurnards ai'e known from species of Trigla and a few other genera in beds of Tertiary age. 

 Closely allied to the Flying Gurnards is the genus Petalopteryx, from the Chalk of Mount Lebanon. 

 The Gobies are found for the first time in the Chalk, but extinct species of Gobius occur in the older 

 Tertiaries. The family Sphyrsenidse are well known by such genera as Hypsodoii and Portheus, in 

 the Chalk, while various other genera represent the group in Tertiary deposits. The Grey Mullets 

 first appear in the Tertiaries of France. The Wrasses are represented in Tertiary rocks by the genus 

 Egertonia from the London Clay of Sheppey, and by species of Labrus and other genera in the Lower 

 ;iiid Middle Tertiaries of Switzerland. The fossil remaius of Anacanthini are not abundant. Fishes 

 allied to the Cod and Hake are found in the London Clay ; other members of this group are found in 

 newer Tertiary deposits. Flat-fishes, allied to the Turbot and Sole, occur at Monte Bolca. The 

 order Physostomi has many fossil representatives. The family Scopelidse are, perhaps, represented 

 by Osmeroides in the Chalk and by other genera in the Tertiaries. The Carps do not date farther- 

 back than the middle Tertiary deposits, being plentifully met with in the lignites of Germany. The 

 Cyprinodontidae are represented by species of the genus Cyprinodon in deposits of the same age. 

 Fossil Pike are found in the fresh-water limestone of (Eningen. The Salmon tribe is represented by 

 several genera in the Chalk. The Herrings are numerous in the upper Secondary rocks, though more 

 abundant in the Tertiaries. And the Eels first appear in the older Tertiary formations. The Pipe- 

 fishes do not appear before the Tertiary period, and in the same formation at Monte Bolca the Box- 

 fish Ostracion occurs. Glyptocephalus, from the London Clay, is allied to the File-fish Balistes. 

 Globe-fishes allied to Dioclon are found fossil at Monte Bolca. Forms intermediate between Eels and 

 Congers occur in the London Clay. The Lampreys have no parts likely to be preserved in a fossil 

 state, unless some of the fossils called Conodoiits, from the Primary rocks, are teeth belonging 

 to this group. 



In writing this article I have to acknowledge the obligations I am under to ihe various works of 

 Dr. Giinther, Yarrell, Couch, and Sir Richard Owen. jj Q SEELEY 



