NATIONAL ACADEMY BIOC.RAPII ICAL MKMOIRS VOL. VIII 



and secure human progress" (Competition as a Factor in Hu- 

 man Evolution, Amer. Anthropol., I, 1888, pp. 303-304). 



He continues to insist on this point : "When, during late 

 years, the processes and methods of biotic evolution were 

 clearly set forth by a host of biologists, and the theories suc- 

 cessfully applied to all biologic sciences, it was discovered as 

 inevitable that the same laws must apply to man as an animal. 

 But their application was carried beyond the limits of truth. 

 Man, as a being superior to the lower animals, was supposed 

 to have made progress by the same laws by the survival of 

 the fittest. No error in philosophy could be more disastrous. 

 And yet this statement is widely accepted. ... In the 

 anthropic kingdom . . . evolution of arts is by invention 

 and the selection of the labor-saving. Evolution of institu- 

 tions is by invention and the selection of the just. Evolution 

 of language is by invention and the selection of the thought- 

 saving. Evolution of opinions is by invention and selection of 

 the true" (Human Evolution, Trans. Anthrop. Soc. Wash., II. 

 1883, p. 207). "The laws of biotic evolution do not apply to 

 mankind. There are men in the world so overwhelmed with 

 the grandeur and truth of biotic evolution that they actually 

 believe that man is but a two-legged beast whose progress in 

 the world is governed by the same laws as the progress of the 

 serpent or the wolf ; and so science is put to shame. . . . 

 That which makes men more than beast is culture. Culture 

 is human evolution not the development of man as an animal, 

 but the evolution of the human attributes of man. Culture is 

 the product of human endeavor. . . . The old grows into 

 the new, . . . not by natural selection, but by human selec- 

 tion" (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., xxxvm, 1889, pp. 4, 5). 



INVOLUTION OF MUSIC. 



In illustration of Powell's mature style, we might select 

 either one of the two addresses before the Anthropological 

 Society of Washington already referred to, one being entitled 

 "From Savagery to Barbarism" (1885) and the other "From 

 Barbarism to Civilization" (1886) ; but there is another address 

 which exhibits even better his mannerism along with his man- 

 ner ; this is the address on "The Evolution of Music from 



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