18 



ANIMAL BIOLOGY 



tion. Nearly one million dollars was expended during a period of 

 ten years. At the end of this time the number of the insects was so 

 reduced that it was impossible to convince taxpayers of the neces- 

 sity for further appropriations to complete the extermination. 

 Since then the gypsy moths have spread over the whole state of 

 Massachusetts and into the adjoining states. 



The larvse of another moth, the brown tail, has likewise caused 

 great damage in the New England states. The New York State 

 Department of Education is sending out colored pictures of the life 

 history of both of these insects with the following statement regard- 

 ing them. " Warning Take Notice. There is grave danger of 

 both of these dangerous pests being brought into New York State. 

 They have destroyed thousands of trees in Massachusetts, and they 

 will do the same in New York unless checked. All are hereby urged 

 to become familiar with the general appearance and work of these 



two insects, and to report 

 anything suspicious to the 

 State Entomologist, Albany, 

 N.Y., sending specimens if 

 possible. Abundant hairy 

 caterpillars an inch to two 

 inches long on or in the 

 vicinity of defoliated trees 

 should lead to investiga- 

 tion." 



17. Codling moth. 



Every one has eaten into 

 apples that have been in- 

 jured by the " apple worm," 

 which is the larva of the 



codling moth (Fig. 14). The 

 FIG. 14. Life history of codling moth. , & / 



(U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) damage to the fruit crop 



from this insect in New 



York State alone is estimated at three million dollars each year. 

 According to Professor Hodge (" Nature Study and Life ") the cod- 



