ARTICULATION 



139 



ARTIFICIAL 



Articulation {ar-tik-u-la' -shun) \articulus, a joint]. I. 

 A joint or arthrosis ; a connection between two or 

 more bones, whether allowing movement between 

 them or not. The articulations are divided into : (i) 

 Synarthroses, immovable, subdivided into schindyleses, 

 or grooved joints, gomphoses , in sockets, as the teeth, 

 and suture, as in the bones of the skull ; (2) Diarth- 

 roses, or movable joints, subdivided into the arthrodia, 

 or gliding joints, the ginglymns, or hinge-like, the 

 enarthroses, or ball-and-socket joints ; (3) Ampkiar- 

 throses, or those of a mixed type. 2. The enuucia- 



»tion of spoken speech. A. of Artificial Teeth, the 

 adjustment and arrangement of one or more artificial 

 teeth, so that it, or they, when placed in the mouth, 

 shall sustain the same relationship to the organs with 

 which they antagonize, when the jaws are closed, as 

 the natural teeth did previous to their loss. A., Con- 

 fluent, the clipping of words, or running together of 

 syllables — a symptom of certain cerebral diseases. A. 

 of Models. See Models for Artificial Teeth, Antago- 

 nizing. A. Positions. See Consonants. A. of the 

 Teeth. See Teeth, Articulation of. 



Articulator (ar-tik' -u- la-tor) \articulus, a joint]. An 

 instrument used in mechanical dentistry for holding 

 the models in position while the artificial teeth are 

 being arranged and antagonized upon the plates. 



Articuli {ar-tik' -u-li) . See Lenticula. 



Articulo mortis, In {ar-tik' -u-lo mor'-tis) [L.]. At the 

 moment of death. In the act of dying. 



Artifact (ar' '-te-fact) \ars, art ; facere, to make]. In 

 microscopy and histology, a structure that has been 

 produced by mechanical, chemical, or other artificial 

 means ; a structure or tissue that has been changed 

 from its natural state. 



Artificial {ar-te-fish'-al) \artificialis\ Made or imitated 

 by art. A. Anus, an opening in the abdomen to give 

 exit to the feces ; an opening made in case of 

 imperforate anus. A. Crowns, porcelain crowns of 

 teeth designed to be united to the roots of natural 

 teeth ; what is commonly called by the misnomer 

 " pivot tooth."' A. Dentine, a preparation composed 

 of pure gutta-percha, while in a softened state, mixed 

 with mineral substances, and used for temporary fill- 

 ings. See Temporary Stopping. A. Eye, a film of 

 glass, celluloid, rubber, etc., made in imitation of the 

 front part of the globe of the eye and worn in the 

 socket or over a blind eye for cosmetic reasons. A. 

 Feeding, the feeding of an infant by other means 

 than mother's milk. Various mixtures and foods are 

 to be had, such as Meigs's, Rotck's, Biederf s 

 Mixtures, etc. , q. v. See Table at end of this article. 

 A. Joint, or false joint, the non-united ends 

 of a broken bone. A. Leech. See Leech. A. 

 Palate, a mechanical contrivance for supplying the 

 loss of the whole or a portion of the hard or soft 

 palate, or both. A. Pupil, removal of a piece of the 

 iris {iridectomy, iridodialysis , etc.), to allow the light 

 to pass through the opening. A. Respiration, the 

 aeration of the blood by artificial means. A method 

 of inducing the normal function of respiration when 

 from any cause it is temporarily in abeyance, as in 

 asphyxia neonatorum, drowning, etc. Bain's Method, 

 a modification of Sylvester's method, the axilla itself 

 being seized so that the traction is made directly upon 

 the pectoral muscles. Byrd s\H.L. ) Method ; thephysi- 

 cian's hands are placed under the middle portion of the 

 child's back with their ulnar borders in contact and at 

 right angles to the spine. With the thumbs extended, 

 the two extremities of the trunk are carried forward by 

 gentle but firm pressure, so that they form an angle of 

 45 degrees with each other in the diaphragmatic region. 

 Then the angle is reversed by carrying backward the 



shoulders and the nates. Dew's Method; the infant is 

 grasped in the left hand, allowing the neck to rest 

 between the thumb and forefinger, the head falling far 

 over backward. The upper portion of the back and 

 scapuke rest in the palm of the hand, the other three 

 fingers being inserted in the axilla of the babe's left 

 arm, raising it upward and outward. The right hand 

 grasps the babe's knees, and the lower portion of the 

 body is depressed to favor inspiration. The move- 

 ment is reversed to favor expiration, the head, 

 shoulders, and chest being brought forward and the 

 thighs pressed upon the abdomen. Fores fs Afethod ; 

 the child is placed on its face and quick, violent pres- 

 sure is made on the back ; then it is placed in a 

 pail of hot water, and the hands carried upward 

 until the child is suspended by its arms, and mouth- 

 to-mouth insufflation is practised ; the arms are then 

 lowered and the body doubled forward ; these move- 

 ments are repeated at the rate of 40 per minute. Hall 's 

 Method ; by turning the body alternately upon the side 

 or face to compress the chest, and then upon the 

 back to allow the lungs to expand. Howard's 

 Method : by pressure upon the lower ribs every few 

 seconds. Pacini's Method; for resuscitating asphyxi- 

 ated infants. The child lying on its back, the 

 operator stands at its head, and grasps the axilke, 

 pulling the shoulders forward and upward to com- 

 press the thorax, and allowing them to fall in order 

 to expand the chest. Satterthivaite ' s Method ; pres- 

 sure upon the abdomen alternating with relaxation to 

 allow descent of the diaphragm. Schroder's Method ; 

 the babe while in a bath is supported by the opera- 

 tor on the back, its head, arms, and pelvis being 

 allowed to fall backward; a forceful expiration is 

 then effected by bending up the babe over its 

 belly, thereby compressing the thorax. Schultze's 

 Method ; the child is seized from behind with both 

 hands, by the shoulders, in such a way that the right 

 index finger of the operator is in the right axilla of the 

 child from behind forward, and the left index finger in 

 the left axilla, the thumbs hanging loosely over the 

 clavicles. The other three fingers hang diagonally 

 downward along the back of the thorax. The opera- 

 tor stands with his feet apart and holds the child as 

 above, practically hanging on the index fingers in the 

 first position, with the feet downward, the whole 

 weight resting on the index fingers in the axillae, the 

 head being supported by the ulnar borders of the 

 hands. This is the first inspiratory position. At once 

 the operator swings the child gently forward and up- 

 ward. When the operator's hands are somewhat above 

 the horizontal the child is moved gently, so that the 

 lower end of the body falls forward toward its head. 

 The body is not flung over, but moved gently until the 

 lower end rests on the chest. In this position the 

 chest and upper end of the abdomen are compressed 

 tightly. The child's thorax rests on the tips of the 

 thumbs of the operator. As a result of this forcible 

 expiration the fluids usually pour out of the nose and 

 mouth of the infant. The child is allowed to rest in 

 this position (the first expiratory position) about one or 

 two seconds. The operator gradually lowers his 

 arms, the child's body bends back, and he again holds 

 the infant hanging on his index fingers with its feet 

 downward ; this is the second inspirator) - position. 

 These movements are repeated 1 5 to 20 times in the 

 minute. Sylvester's Method, chiefly by movements of 

 the arms. This method is valueless in asphyxia neo- 

 natorum, owing to non-development of the pectoral 

 muscles. A. Urticaria, a condition much resembling 

 that seen in the autotrophic skin q. - . A. Vitre- 

 ous. See Evisceration. 



