FEMORAL 



463 



FERMENTATION 



Femoral {fern' -or-al) [femur, the thigh bone]. Per- 

 taining to the femur. F. Arch, that formed by Pou- 

 part*s ligament. F. Artery. See Arteries, Table of . 

 F. Canal. See Canal. F. Hernia. See Hernia. 

 F. Ligament of Hey. See Ligament. F. Ring, 

 the abdominal end of the femoral canal, normally 



The Femoral Ring and Saphenous Opening. 



(After Holden ) 

 (The arrow is introduced into the femoral ring), 

 i. Crural arch. 2. Saphenous opening of the fascia lata. 

 3. Saphena vein. 4. Femoral vein. 5. Gimbernat's liga- 

 ment. 6. External abdominal ring. 7. Position of internal 

 ring. 



closed by the crural septum and the peritoneum. F. 

 Sheath, a continuation downward of the fasciae that 

 line the abdomen. It contains the femoral vessels. 

 F. Vein. See Vein. 



Femoren (fern' -or-en) [femur, the thigh-bone]. Be- 

 longing to the femur in itself. 



Femorocele (fem'-or-o-sel) [femur, femur ; idj/.y, her- 

 nia]. Femoral hernia. 



Femoro-rotulian (fem'-or-o-ro-tu' -le-an) [femur, the 

 thigh-bone ; rotula, the patella] . Pertaining to the 

 femur and the rotula or patella. 



Femoro-tibial ( fern' '-or-o-tib' '-e-al) [femur, the thigh- 

 bone ; tibia, the shin-bone]. Relating to the femur 

 and the tibia. 



Femur fe'-mer) [L., pi., Femora, or femurs']. The 

 thigh-bone, the longest and heaviest bone of the 

 body, articulating with the acetabulum and the tibia. 

 See Bones, Table of. 



Fenestra (fe-nes'-traA) [L. , a window]. I. In anat- 

 omy, a name given to two apertures of the ear, the 

 F. 07-alis and F. rotunda. 2. The open space in the 

 blade of a forceps. 3. An opening in a bandage or 

 dressing for drainage", etc. 



Fenestral, or Fenestrate (fe-nes / -lral, fe / -nes-lrdt ) 

 [fenestra, a window]. Having apertures or openings. 



Fenestrated (f -ties' -tra-ted) [fenestra, a window]. 

 Perforated. F. Membrane of Henle, the outer 

 membrane of the inner coat of the arteries. 



Fenestrella { fe-nes-trel' -ah) [dim. of fenestra, a win- 

 dow : pL, Fenestrella]. In biology, a transparent spct 

 in the wing-cover of certain insects. 



Fenestrule {fe-nes' -trill) [fenestra, a window]. In 

 biology, a small open space, as between the anasto- 

 mosing branches of the cenecium of a polyzoan. 



Fenger's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 



Fennel { fen' -el) [ME., fenel\ An umbelliferous plant, 

 / tniculum capillaceum, native to the Old AYorld and 

 common in cultivation. Its dried fruit (Fosniculnm, U. 

 S. P.) is aromatic and carminative, but is chiefly used as 

 a corrigent, as for senna and rhubarb. See Fcenictdum. 

 J Fenner's Guaiac-mixture. See Guaiac-mixture. 



Fenugreek fen' '-u-grek \[frnum ,hav; gnecum , Greek]. 



The leguminous plant, Trigonella fcenumgracum ; also 

 its mucilaginous and oily seed ; it is used in plasters 

 and poultices, and is valued in veterinary practice, 

 chiefly as a vehicle for other medicines. 



Fenwick's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 



Feraconitin (fer-ak-on'-it-in). Same as Pseudaconitin, 

 q. v. 



Feral (fe'-ral ) [feralis, deadly] . Deadly or fatal ; as 

 a feral disease. 



Fergusson's Method. See Treatment , Methods of . F. 's 

 Operations. See Operations, Table of 



Ferine ( fe'-rin) [ferinus, wild ; fera, a beast] . Nox- 

 ious, malignant, or violent ; as & ferine disease. 



Ferment (fer / rment)[fernientiiM,\ta.\tn,\tas\.~]. Any 

 microorganism, proteid, or other chemic substance 

 capable of producing fermentation, i. <?.,the oxidation 

 and disorganization of carbohydrates. Cf. Fnzym : 

 Zymase. F., Organized, or Living, one that grows 

 and multiplies at the expense of the substance in which 

 it occurs — this takes place only so long as the ferment 

 is living. Yeast is the representative of this class, caus- 

 ing fermentation by splitting up sugar into C0 2 and 

 alcohol. See Fermentation. F., Unorganized, or 

 Non-living, a nitrogenous body produced within the 

 body by the vital activity of the protoplasm of the cells. 

 These ferments are soluble in water and glycerin, and 

 can be precipitated by alcohol. The following is a list 

 of this class : Ptyalin, in saliva, converts starch into 

 maltose. Pepsin, in gastric juice, converts proteids into 

 peptones in an acid medium. There are also in the 

 gastric juice milk-curdling, fat-splitting, and lactic 

 acid ferments, whose functions are indicated by their 

 names. In the pancreatic juice, there are F., Diastatic 

 or Amylopsin, converting starch into maltose ; 

 Trypsin, converts proteids into peptones in an alka- 

 line medium; F., Emulsive, emulsify fats ; F., Fat- 

 splitting, or Steapsin, splits fats into glycerin and 

 fatty acids, and F., Milk-curdling. In the intestinal 

 juice, there are F., Diastatic, which changes maltose 

 into glucose; F., Proteolytic, which changes fibrin 

 into peptone ; Invertase, which changes cane-sugar 

 into grape-sugar ; and F. , Milk-curdling, and F. , Dia- 

 static, are also found in blood, chyle, liver, milk, etc. 

 Pepsin and other ferments are also found in muscle 

 and urine ; and, lastly, a Fibrin-forming F. is also 

 found in blood. 



Fermentation (fer-men-ta'-shun)[fermentum, leaven]. 

 The decomposition of complex molecules under the 

 influence of ferments (organized) or zymazes or enzyms 

 (unorganized), frequently accompanied by the assimila- 

 tion of one or more molecules of water (hydrolysis). 

 Processes of oxidation and deoxidation sometimes ac- 

 company fermentation. The ordinary transformation 

 termed eremacausis or decay, is an oxidation process. 

 Putrefaction is applied especially to those fermentations 

 involving nitrogenous matter and accompanied by the 

 disengagement of offensive gases. In these cases, the 

 growth of one or more species of microbes is cor- 

 related with the chemic changes in the medium. F., 

 Acetic, the fermentation whereby weak alcoholic solu- 

 tions are converted into vinegar, caused by the Bacillus 

 aceti, etc. F., Albuminoid ; the agents of this de- 

 composition are the Bacillus albuminis, B. catcnula, 

 B. claviformis, B. distortus, B. filiformis, B. geni- 

 culars, B. scaber, B. tenuis, B. urocephalus , etc. F., 

 Ammoniacal ; the agent of the ammoniacal fer- 

 mentation of urine is the Micrococcus urece. F., 

 Butyric, the conversion of butter-fat into butyric acid, 

 due to a microbe, Bacillus butyricus. F., Gluconic ; 

 glucose is transformed by the action of the Micrococcus 

 oblongus. F., Lactic, the decomposition or "sour- 

 ing ' ' of milk, caused by the microbe, Bacillus lacticus. 



