OIL 



890 



OIL 



3 parts of oil of turpentine and I of animal oil. It 

 is used as is O. of Turpentine. O. of Chaulmoogra, 

 a fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Gynocardia 

 odorata. It is used in dermatology and rheumatism. 

 Dose gtt. v-x. O. of Chenopodium, a volatile oil 

 derived from the fruit of Chenopodiuvt anthehninticum. 

 It is an efficient anthelmintic. Dose TT^v-xv. O. 

 of Cinnamon, a volatile oil from the bark of Cin- 

 namomum zeylanicum. It is used in medicine and 

 perfumery. Dose gtt. j-v. O. of Cloves, an essen- 

 tial oil from cloves. It is used in histology, dentistry, 

 and perfumery. O., Cod-liver. See Morrliua. O. 

 Color. See Pigments, Colors and Dyestuffs. O. of 

 Copaiba, a volatile oil from the Balsamum copaiba. 

 It is used as a diuretic. Dose tr^x-xv. O. of Cori- 

 ander, a volatile oil from the fruit of Coriandrum 

 sativum. It is a carminative. Dose mjj-v. O., 

 Croton, a fixed oil from the seeds of Croton tiglii. 

 It is a purgative. Dose Tl\ J^-ij. O. of Cubeb, a 

 volatile oil from the fruit of Piper cubcba. It is a 

 stimulant diuretic. Dose TT^ v-xx. O., Dead, a 

 heavy oil. O., Drying, one that on drying loses its 

 oily properties and becomes a transparent flexible 

 solid. Such oils are used as bases of paints and var- 

 nishes. O., Dugong, an oil from the blubber 

 of dugongs, used sometimes as a substitute for cod- 

 liver oil. O. -emulsion, an emulsion containing ex- 

 pressed oil of almonds 15 parts; acacia 15 parts, 

 syrup of acacia 20 parts ; orange-flower water 15 parts, 

 and water ioo parts. O. of Ergot, a fixed oil from 

 the ergot of rye. It is an ecbolic. See Ergot. O. 

 of Erigeron, a volatile oil from the herb Erigeron 

 canadense. Its action is the same as that of oil of 

 turpentine. Dose Tti, x- 3 ss. O., Essential, a vola- 

 tile oil, so called because it contains the essence or 

 active principle of the plant. O., Ethereal, heavy 

 oil of wine, q.v. ; also an essential oil. O. of Euca- 

 lyptus, a volatile oil from E. globulus, and other 

 species of Eucalyptus. It is an antiseptic and stom- 

 achic. Dose rr\,v-xxx. O. of Eulachon, an oil 

 from the blubber of candle-fish, used as a substitute 

 for cod-liver oil. O. of Euphorbia, a cathartic oil 

 from the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. O., Fatty, a 

 fixed oil. The fatty oils, as distinguished from the 

 mineral oils and the volatile oils, belong to the class 

 of compound ethers. They are salt-like bodies, com- 

 posed of characteristic acids (oleic, palmitic, and 

 stearic), known as fatty acids, in combination with 

 an alcohol or base. In most cases the base is the tri- 

 atomic alcohol, glycerin, so that the oils are said to be 

 glycerids of the several fatty acids. Some few, known 

 as waxes, do not contain glycerin, but, instead, a 

 monatomic alcohol in combination with the fatty acid. 

 Most of the animal and vegetable fats contain three 

 proximate constituents, olein, palmitin and stearin, 

 the combinations of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids 

 respectively with glycerin. In the more liquid oils 

 the olein predominates, in the more solid, palmitin 

 or stearin. The so-called " drying oils " contain a 

 different acid — linoleic acid — in combination with 

 glycerin. The fish-oils. contain a variety of the lower 

 fatty acids and some solid unsaponifiable alcohols like 

 cholesterin. The most satisfactory classification of the 

 oils and fats, is that of A . H. Allen, which is here given 

 in abstract. I. Olive-oil Group. — Vegetable oleins. 

 Vegetable non-drying oils. These are lighter than the 

 oils of groups II, III, and IV, and yield solid elaidins 

 with nitrous acid. The group includes olive, almond, 

 earth-nut, ben, rape-seed, and mustard oils. II. Cotton- 

 seed-oil Group. — Intermediate between drying and 

 non-drying oils. These oils undergo more or less dry- 

 ing on exposure and yield little or no elaidin. Thjs 



group includes cotton-seed, sesame, sun-flower, hazel- 

 nut, and beech-nut oils. III. Linseed-oil Group. — 

 Vegetable drying oils that yield no elaidin. They 

 are of less viscosity than the non-drying oils. 1 his 

 group includes linseed, hemp-seed, poppy-seed, niger- 

 seed, and walnut oils. IV. Castor-oil Group. — Medi- 

 cinal oils. These are very viscous and of high density. 

 The group includes castor and croton oils. V. Palm-oil 

 Group. — Solid vegetable fats, which do not contain 

 notable quantities of glycerids of the lower fatty acids. 

 The group includes palm-oil, cacao-butter, nutmeg- 

 butter, and shea-butter. VI. Cocoamtt-oil Group. — 

 Solid vegetable fats, in part wax-like. Several of these 

 oils contain notable proportions of the glycerids of the 

 lower fatty acids. The group includes cocoaiuit-oil, 

 palm-nut-oil, laurel-oil, Japan wax, and myrtle-wax. 

 VII. Lard-oil Group. — Animal oleins, which do not 

 dry notably on exposure, and which yield solid elaidins 

 with nitrous acid. The group includes neat's-foot oil, 

 bone-oil, lard-oil, and tallow-oil. VIII. Tallow Group. 

 — Solid animal fats. These are predominantly glycer- 

 ids of palmitic and stearic acids, although butter con- 

 tains lower glycerids. The group includes tallow, lard, 

 bone-fat, wool-fat, butter-fat, oleomargarin, and man- 

 ufactured stearin. IX. Whale-oil Group. — Marine 

 animal oils, characterized by offensive odor and a 

 reddish-brown color when treated with caustic soda. 

 The group includes whale, poipoise, seal, menhaden, 

 cod - liver, and shark-liver oils. X. Sperm-oil 

 Group. — Liquid waxes that are not glycerids but 

 ethers of monatomic alcohols. They yield solid elai- 

 dins. The group includes sperm-oil, bottle-nose-oil, 

 and dolphin-oil. XI. Spermaceti Group. — "Waxes 

 proper. These are compound ethers of the higher 

 monatomic alcohols, with the higher fatty acids in a 

 free state. The group includes spermaceti, beeswax, 

 Chinese wax, and carnauba wax. O. of Fennel, a 

 volatile oil from the fruit of Focniculuvi officinale. It 

 is a carminative, and is also used in perfumery, 

 tt^ij-v. O., Fixed, a fatty acid ; one of certain bodies 

 soluble in ether and chloroform, and obtained by ex- 

 pression from various organic substances. Sei 

 Fatty. O. of Galanga, a volatile oil from the root 

 of Alpinia officinarum. O. of Garlic, an essential 

 oil formerly used in medicine. It is derived from the 

 bulbs of Allium sativum. O. of Geranium, an essen- 

 tial oil from species of Pelargonium, used in the 

 manufacture of perfumery. O. of Ginger, an essen- 

 tial oil from the roots of Zingiber officinale. It is 

 carminative and flavoring agent. Dose n\ l /2-)- O.- 

 gland, the uropygial gland of birds, secreting the oil 

 used in dressing their plumage. O. -globules, in 

 microscopy, are prepared by beating a small drop ■ 

 clove oil with mucilage. In focusing up with central 

 light, the bright center of the globule is clearest last. 

 With oblique light the bright spot will appear on the 

 side toward the mirror. O., Grain, amy] al 

 O., Gray, an oily substance or ointment made by 

 triturating mercury with oil or liquid paraffin. The 

 quantity of mercury varies from I to 33 per cent. < 

 of Hazel, a fixed oil from hazel nuts used in t 

 manufacture of perfumes. O , Heavy, the su 

 distilled from benzene at between 210 and 400° < 

 O., Heavy (of wine), the product obtained when 

 hoi is treated with an excess of sulphuric acid. It on 

 sists of several ethers and other compounds. 

 of Hedeoma, oil of pennyroyal, a volatile oil 

 the leaves and tops of Hedeoma pulegioides. I' I 

 carminative, and is used externally to drive « 

 mosquitoes. Dose t1\,ij-x. O. -immersion, the I 

 of oil as the medium between the objective and th 

 cover-glass. O., Infused, a class of medicated oils. 



