ORGANOPATHOLOGISM 



940 



ORIENTATION 



gan ; izafioc, disease]. The doctrine of special study 

 and investigation of the pathology of each and every 

 organ by itself. 



Organopathologism (or-gan-o-path-ol' -o-jizm) [opyav- 

 ov, organ ; nadoc;, disease ; Aoyog, science]. The 

 same as Organopathy . 



Organopathology (or-gan-o-path-ol' '-o-je) [opyavov, or- 

 gan ; rrddog, disease; Adyog, science]. The science 

 of the diseases of organs. 



Organopathy (or-gan-op 1 '-ath-e) [opyavov, organ ; nddog, 

 disease]. I. The disease of an organ. 2. A term 

 used by Sharp to express the local action of drugs. 3. 

 The same as Organopathism. 



Organophyly (or-gan-off'-il-e) [opyavov, an organ ; 

 (j>b?^, a tribe]. In biology, the phylogeny of organs. 



Organoplastic (or-gan-o-plas' -tik ) [opyavov, an organ ; 

 ■xAaooeiv, to form, to mold]. In biology, applied to 

 cells or tissues from which organs are developed. 



Organoplasty (or' '- gan - - plas - te) [opyavov, organ; 

 wAaaaeiv , to form, to mold]. In biology, the origin 

 or development of plant and animal organs. 



Organopoiesis (or-gan-o-poi-e' -sis) [opyavov, an organ ; 

 Tvoir/aiq, formation] . The same as Organoplasty. . 



Organopoietic [or-gan-o-poi-e^ -ik) [opyavov, organ ; 

 •Ko'tTjGiq, formation]. Relating to organopoiesis. 



Organoscope (#r f -gan-o-skop) \_bpyavov, an organ; 

 anoTTtlv, to view]. The same as Endoscope. 



Organoscopy (or-gan-os' '-ko-pe) [opyavov, an organ ; 

 anoTrelv, to view]. Cranioscopy or phrenology. 



Organotherapy (or-gan-o-tker' -ap-e) [opyavov, organ ; 

 depaneia, treatment]. The treatment of diseases by the 

 administration of animal organs, or extracts prepared 

 from them. Although organotherapy has existed in 

 some form since the most ancient times, the method as 

 now practised, is of recent origin. Brown-Sequard, 

 in 1889, suggested the employment of testicular juice 

 in the treatment of the mental and physical deterio- 

 ration incident to old age. Experiments which he 

 had made upon himself had, he reported, yielded the 

 most brilliant results. Physicians in different parts of 

 France subsequently tested the properties of Brown- 

 Sequard's extract and found its dynamogenic action 

 beneficial in diseases attended with debility, especially 

 in senile changes, in pulmonary tuberculosis, leprosy, 

 locomotor ataxy, general paralysis and anemia. Paul, 

 in 1892, under the name of nervous transfusion, advo- 

 cated the hypodermatic use of an extract of sheeps' 

 brain in conditions of neurasthenia. The method of 

 preparation of the various extracts as employed in 

 France is that suggested by d'Arsonval. The organ 

 is removed with all possible antiseptic precautions, and 

 is cut into small pieces of about one c.c. The segments 

 are covered with pure glycerin and allowed to macerate 

 for twenty-four hours. Before filtering, two or three 

 parts of distilled water are added. Sterilization is ac- 

 complished by means of carbonic acid gas under pres- 

 sure. The first step toward a rational application of the 

 method of organotherapy was the subcutaneous trans- 

 plantation of pieces of thyroid gland in cases of myx- 

 edema and cachexia strumipriva by Horsley and 

 Kocher, and later the employment of extract of sheeps' 

 thyroid in myxedema, the credit of which belongs 

 to G. R. Murray, of Newcastle, England. Since 

 Murray's announcement, in 1891, the method has 

 been extensively tested in England and elsewhere ; 

 many cases of myxedema have been reported as 

 improved, and not a few cured. Gratifying results 

 have also been achieved in sporadic cretinism, and 

 in psoriasis and other chronic affections of the skin. 

 Various preparations of the thyroid gland have been 

 emploved, e.g., glycerin extracts, dry extracts in 

 powder, and finally the uncooked or partially cooked 



gland has been used. In the particular case of myx- 

 edema neither the kind of preparation nor the mode 

 of administration seems to be of much importance. 

 The results have been practically the same whether a 

 liquid extract was given by hypodermatic injection, 

 or whether a dry extract was administered by the 

 mouth. The fresh gland, slightly fried and seasoned, 

 has also been used, and at present is preferred by 

 many. The success attending thyroid-therapy in 

 myxedema has led to the employment of many other 

 organic extracts in diseases of corresponding organs. 

 Extracts have been prepared from nearly every organ 

 in the animal body ; thus there are on the market cere- 

 brin, from the brain, medullin or myelin, from the 

 cord, cardin, from the heart, musculin, from muscles, 

 ossin, from bones, renin, from the kidneys, gastrin, 

 from the stomach, pancreatin, from pancreas, ovarin, 

 from the ovary, and testin, from the testis. Brain- 

 extract has been reported as beneficial in various 

 organic and functional diseases of the nervous system, 

 such as locomotor ataxy, bulbar palsy, general paraly- 

 sis of the insane; also in epilepsy, neurasthenia, mi- 

 graine, hysteria, hebephrenia, and other conditions. 

 Heart-extract is recommended for cases of nervous 

 prostration. It is said to raise the blood-pressure, 

 augment the quantity of urine, and increase the num- 

 ber of red blood-corpuscles. In diseases of the mus- 

 cular system, muscle-extract is also reported as of 

 value. Extract of pancreas, containing the active 

 ferments of the gland has been administered with 

 doubtful success, in certain cases of diabetes mellitus, 

 which disease, as is well known, is sometimes depen- 

 dent upon morbid changes in the pancreas. Of all the 

 extracts, that from the thyroid gland is still the one 

 most successfully employed. Its use is not confined to 

 the two diseases mentioned, myxedema and cretinism ; 

 it has also proved useful in diseases of the skin, in 

 leukemia, and affections of the nervous system, both 

 organic and functional. In exophthalmic goiter the 

 results have not been encouraging ; the symptoms, 

 were as a rule, not ameliorated, in some cases they 

 were even intensified. 



Organotrophic (or-gan-o-tro' -fik) [opyavov, organ ; 

 rpooi/, nourishment]. Relating or belonging to the 

 nourishment of organized tissue. 



Organule (or'-gan-ul). The same as Organite. 



Organum (or'-gan-um) [L.]. See Organ. 



Orgasm (oi-'-gasm) [bpydeiv, to swell]. Any eager 

 desire or excitement. The crisis of venereal passion. 

 See Estrum. 



Orgastic (or-gas' -tik) [bpydeiv, to swell]. Pertaining 

 to, or characterized by, orgasm. 



Orgeat (or-gzah') [Fr. orge, Lat. hordeum, barley]. 

 Pavy's recipe for a demulcent and nutritive drink: 

 Blanch two ounces of sweet almonds and four of bitter 

 almond-seeds ; pound them into a paste with a little 

 orange-flower water ; rub this up with a pint of milk, 

 diluted with a pint of water, until it forms an emul- 

 sion ; strain and sweeten with sugar. 



Orgosis (or-go'-sis). Synonym of Orgasm. 



Oriental (o-re-en' '-tal) [oriens, rising]. Pertaining to 

 the Orient or east. O. Boil. See Eurunculus on- 

 entalis. O. Plague. Synonym of the Plagu 

 O. Sore, an endemic ulcer probably due to a s] 

 microorganism, prevalent in the Orient. Sei 

 11 11 ruins oriei) talis. 



Orientation (o-ri-en-ta'-shun^oriri, to rise (in the east)]. 

 In biology: (a) The determination of the east point, 

 and hence of the other points ; thedirection of a locality. 

 The localization of oneself; the ascription ol 

 jects to the place in space where they actually b< 

 either with respect to each other (objective orienta 



