I mium) 



PARASITES 



981 



) helminthochorton, Ktz. , the so-called Corsican 

 moss, Wurmtang, Wurmmoos, is much used in southern 

 Europe in the shape of an infusion, 30 grains to a 

 pint of water, night and morning; in the same way 

 pinkroot, Spigelia marylandica and Spigelia anthel- 

 inia, is employed. In large doses this has narcotic 

 properties. The most popular vermifuge of Europe 

 appears to be worm-seed {Wurmsamen, Littwer- 

 samen, Semen jlores, Cina, Cytuz since, Santonicce, 

 Sernen sanctum), Artemesia maritima, var. a Stech- 

 manniana, Bess, the source of santonin, which is 

 administered with sugar or syrup. It owes its activity 

 to the presence of santonin (discovered by Alnus, 

 i s ;i). The discharged worms should be burned or 

 have boiling water poured over them to prevent the 

 spread of the eggs. — Ascaris maculosa, Rudolphi. 

 See Heterakis maculosa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris mar- 

 ginata, Rudolphi. See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. — 

 Ascaris maritima, Leuckart (1876). Only one instance 

 is recorded of this worm acting as a human parasite, 

 having been vomited by a child in North Greenland 

 in 1865. — Ascaris megalocephala, Cloquet. The 

 largest species of the genus. Peculiar to the Equidcz. 

 It is found in the small intestine of the domestic 

 ass, horse, mule, and zebra. No intermediate host 

 is needed ; drinking-water appears to be the vehicle 

 of infection. The parasites often exist in great numbers, 

 from 1000 to 1500, in the small intestine, especially the 

 duodenum, passing at times into the stomach, bile-duct, 

 and pancreatic duct. The manure of animals affected 

 should be destroyed by fire. The presence of the para- 

 site is accompanied by numerous reflex symptoms, e.g., 

 chronic intestinal catarrh, slight but obstinate diar- 

 rhea, the expulsion of feces being immediately pre- 

 ceded by a discharge of fluid. Treatment : — Arsen- 

 ious acid with food in increasing doses of I— 3 grains a 

 day for ten days, tartar emetic in doses of 15-20 

 grams per day in four doses at intervals of 3-4 hours, 

 «"ith gentian-powder or asafetida, emulsion of oil 

 : of turpentine in peanut or cottonseed-oil 80-150 

 ' grams, santonin 80-150 grams. Ferric chlorid and 

 cupric sulphate have been successfully employed, 

 but no specific has been found. — Ascaris microp- 

 tera, Rudolphi. See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. — 

 Ascaris mucronata, Frohlich. See Strongylus nod- 

 ularis, Rudolphi. — Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi 

 (1801), Bremser, Dujardin, etc. Syn., Lumbricus 

 cam's, Werner (1 782); Ascaris lutnbricoides, Bloch 

 (1782); Ascaris canicula, Schrank (1788); Ascaris 

 canies, Gmelin (1789); Ascaris alata, Bellingham 

 (1839), Dujardin, Diesing; Ascaris cati, Schrank 

 ,(1788); Ascaris felis, Gmelin (1789), Thompson, 

 Pickells ; Ascaris marginata, Rudolphi (1793), Zeder 

 (1800); Ascaris teres felis, Goeze (1782) ; Ascaris 

 triquetra, Schrank ; Ascaris leptoptera, Rudolphi ; 

 Ascaris microptera, Rudolphi (1819) ; (?) Ascaris 

 brachyoptera, Rudolphi (1819) ; (?) Fusaria mystax, 

 Zeder (1800); Ascaris canisaurei, Rudolphi (1819). 

 This parasite is found in the small intestine of the 

 dome^ic cat and dog ; also in man. No intermediate 

 1 host is necessary. Grassi's experiments show its life- 

 ry to be similar to that of Ascaris lumbricoides ; 

 > drinking-water is the infecting medium. The form 

 found in the cat appears only to be a larger variety of 

 that found in the dog. It is most frequently found in 

 young animals ; by Krabbe, it was found in more than 

 50 per cent, of cats and 24 per cent, of dogs examined ; 

 it inhabits the small intestine and stomach, and causes 

 the vomiting of glairy matter, in which it is to be found ; 

 in man it causes intestinal obstruction. Treatment : 

 >antonin in doses of 2—3 centigrams given in milk, 

 alone or combined with extract of malefem, repeated 



PARASITES 



twice a week, followed by a laxative. Areca-nut is also 

 useful. The investigations of Yerloren prove that the 

 eggs of the parasite can retain their vitality for more 

 than a year. — Ascaris ovis, Rudolphi. Found in the 

 intestine of the domestic sheep. It is very rare, only 

 two cases having been reported, by Diesing and Neu- 

 mann. — Ascaris papillosa, Bloch. See Heterakis 

 papulosa, Bloch. — Ascaris pellucida, Brown. See 

 Filaria equina, Abildgaard. — Ascaris perspicillum. 

 See Heterakis inflexa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris renalis, 

 Gmelin. See Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing. — As- 

 caris sp., von Drasche. It is found in the in- 

 testine of the domestic sheep. — Ascaris stephan- 

 ostoma, Jordens (1802) ; Lenz, Brera, Bremser, 

 Rudolphi, Diesing. It was found in the human in- 

 testine by Bretschneider, and asserted by Brera to be 

 the larva of J/usca carnaria. — Ascaris suilla, 

 Dujardin. This bears so close a resemblance to the 

 Ascaris lumbricoides that Leuckart, Schneider, and 

 others regard it as identical. Cobbold, Dujardin, Cla- 

 parede, Moquin-Tandon, hold the two to be distinct. 

 A. suilla is found rarely in the small intestine of the pig. 

 Cases of epileptiform seizures in pigs have been referred 

 to reflexes due to the presence of these parasites. 

 Filaria trachealis, Bristow and Rainey (1855), may 

 be but the larva of this species. — Ascaris teres, 

 Goeze. See Heterakis maculosa, Rudolphi, and Heter- 

 akis inflexa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris teres felis, Goeze. 

 See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi (1801). — Ascaris 

 teres minor (Phasiani Galli et picti) , Goeze. See 

 Heterakis papulosa, Bloch. — Ascaris tetraonis, 

 Gmelin. See Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. — Ascaris 

 trichiura, Linne. See Trichocephalus hominis, 

 Schrank (1788). — Ascaris triquetra, Schrank. See 

 Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. — Ascaris urogalli, Vi- 

 borg, Rudolphi. See Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. — 

 Ascaris vermicularis, Linne (1767). See Oxyuris 

 vermicularis , Bremser (1819). — Ascaris vesicularis, 

 Rudolphi. See Heterakis vesicularis , Frohlich. — 

 Ascaris visceralis aut renalis, Gmelin. See Eu- 

 strongylus gigas, Diesing. — Ascaris vituli, Gmelin, 

 Goeze, Neumann (1883). Syn., Strongylus vitu/orum , 

 Rudolphi ; Gordius viviparus, Bloch ; Ascaris filifor- 

 mis cauda rotundata, Camper; Ascaris zn'tuli, Gme- 

 lin ; Fusaria vituli, Zeder. The Calf-ascarid. Found 

 in the intestine and abomasum of young domestic 

 cattle ; it is rare in adults. It is frequently found 

 in the slaughter-houses in France. One case is re- 

 ported in which 15 liters of these parasites were 

 found in the intestine of the calf. Therapeusis : — 

 Give 8-12 grams of a mucilaginous emulsion of 

 empyreumatic oil at night, and follow in the morn- 

 ing with a purgative of sodic sulphate. — Asth- 

 matos ciliaris, Salisbury. Dr. J. H. Salisbury 

 described, in 1873, ciliated cells in the mucous 

 fluid from the eyes, nose, and throat of human 

 beings suffering from infusorial catarrh and asth- 

 ma, hay-fever or autumn catarrh. He regarded them 

 as parasites belonging to the cilio-flagellate infuso- 

 ria. Cutter and Reinsch arrived at the conclusion 

 that the organism is a protozoon allied to Actino- 

 p/irys, but it was, in 1880, shown by Leidy to be 

 merely detached ciliated epithelial cells from the air- 

 passages, more or less modified by the catarrhal affec- 

 tion. — Aulacostoma nigrescens, "Weigmann et 

 Ruthe ; Aulacostomum gulo, Grube. See Aula- 

 stoma gulo, Moquin-Tandon. — Aulastoma gulo, Mo- 

 quin-Tandon. Syn., Aulastoma vorax, Gratiolet; 

 Aulacostoma nigrescens, Weigmann et Ruthe ; Aula- 

 costomum gulo, Grube. Hirudo depressa fusca margine 

 later ali. Black-leech, or Voracious aulastoma , incor- 

 rectly called Horse-leech in the neighborhood of Paris, 



II 



