I 



PARASITES 



and Eristalis pendulum. — Cheiracanthus hispidus, 

 Fedschenko. Syn. , Gnathostoma hispida. This is 

 found in the walls of the stomach of the hog and dog. — 

 Cheyletus eruditus, Schrank. This is a vagabond 

 species, occasionally found on man and animals as well 

 as among old books, rags, moldy forage, etc. De 

 Mericourt reports a case in the pus from the ear of a 

 sailor, and Picaglia attributed to it a dermatosis ob- 

 served on the horse, resembling that produced by 

 Dermanyssus avium, De Geer. — Cheyletus hetero- 

 palpus, Megnin. This is a mite living at the base of 

 the feathers of pigeons and doves as well as sparrows. 

 It appears to cause no serious inconvenience to its 

 host — Cheyletus scabiei. See Sarcoptes scabiei. — 

 Chicken-louse. See Goniocotes gigas, Taschenberg, 

 Goniocotes hologastcr, Nitzsch, and Goniodes dissimilis, 

 Nitzsch. — Chigga, Chigo, Chigoe, Chigger, Chig- 

 gre, Chique. See Sircopsylla penetrans , Westwood. 

 Chigo of Fowls. See Sarcopsylla gallinacece. West- 

 wood. — Chinche. See A'gas americanus, De Geer. 

 — Chorioptes communis, var. ovis, Yerheyen. " The 

 Foot-scab.' 1 ' See Symbiotes communis, Yerheyen. — 

 Chorioptes ecaudatus, Megnin. See Symbiotes 

 auricularum, var. cam's, var. cati, Neumann. — 

 Chorioptes symbiotes, R. Blanchard (1890), the 



f cattle. See Symbiotes communis, Yerheyen. 

 — Chrithoptes monunguiculosus, Geber. This is 

 found among barley ; the mites cause urticaria and ec- 

 zema, accompanied by fever for from one to three days. 

 — Chrysops caecutiens, Meigen. Syn. , Small Blind- 

 ing Breeze-fly. A common fly, troublesome toman and 

 animals throughout Europe during the summer. 

 Churchyard-beetle. See Blaps mortisaga. — Ciliaris 

 bicaudalis, Salisbury (1868). See Trichomonas vag- 



Donne (1837). — Cimsenomonas caviae, 

 Grassi See Trichomonas cavuz, Davaine. — Cimex 

 ciliata, Eversmann. This species is native to Russia. 

 — Cimex columbarius, Jenyns, a bug found on the 

 pigeon. — Cimex lectularia, Merrett (1667). Syn., 

 Acanthia lectularia, Fabricius (1794), Cimex colutn- 

 d/rriic. Jenyns, Cimex hirundinis, Jenyns, Bed-bug, 

 Punaise des lits, Bettwanze, Jfausroat/zc, U'andlaus. 

 This was originally introduced from India, and was 

 known to the Greeks as x°P"? anc ^ to me Romans as 

 Cimex. It was first recorded in Europe in Strasburg, 

 in the nth century, and was carried to London in the 

 bedsteads of the Huguenots. It is now cosmopolitan. 

 The female lays in March, May, July, and September, 

 about fifty eggs at a time ; they take eleven weeks to 

 reach maturity. Adult bugs will withstand severe cold 

 and survive the winter. The bed-bug not only attacks 

 man, but also birds : doves, the swallow, etc. Spirit of 

 turpentine, corrosive sublimate, mercurial ointment, red 

 precipitate, and insect-powder are employed in their 

 destruction, also fumigation (18—24 hours) with sul- 

 phurous acid gas. In Europe the pepper-grass 

 {Lepidium ruderale, L.) is used to attract the bugs 

 which are said to gather on the fresh plant to suck 

 the juice, when plant and all can be thrown in the 

 *ire. — Cirons. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, 

 Megnin. — Clegg. See Hematopota pluvialis. — Cler- 

 cus formicarius, Linne. This is a beetle ; the larva, 

 according to Kiichenmeister, was given to von Siebold 

 as a urinary parasite. — Clothes-louse. See Pedicu- 

 lus vestimenti, Leach. — Coccidium bigeminum, 

 Stiles (1S91 ). Syn., Corpuscules geminis, Finck (1854), 

 Cylospermium villorum intestinalium caniutn, Rivolta, 

 Coccidie gemine, Railliet et Lucet (1890). This is 

 found in the villi of the small intestine, particularly 

 the duodenum of dogs and cats. It appears to cause 

 no ill-effects, being found in healthy animals. — 

 Coccidium oviforme, Leuckart (1879). Syn., Corpi 



985 PARASITES 



oviformes, Yulpian ; Amoeba croupogena, Rivolta ; 

 Psorosperma crouposum, Rivolta ; Cylospermium ziir- 

 nii, Rivolta. This was 

 the first of the psoro- 

 sperms to be described. 

 It is frequent in the 

 cells of the biliary- 

 ducts of rabbits and 

 in man, and the intes- 

 tines of cattle, pro- 

 ducing " psorosperm- 

 nodules,'" or " cocci- 

 dium-nodules, " which 

 may bring about 

 changes resulting in 



death. Coccidiosis of Coccidium oviforme, Leuckart; 

 rabbits is so common from the human liver, (AX 200, 



B and C X 800. 

 in certain hutches and art.) 



(After Leuck- 



warrens near London, 

 that the keepers recognize it readily, and distin- 

 guish it by the " wet snout " which the affected ani- 

 mals exhibit. It is most fatal in young rabbits, which 

 become affected as soon as they cease to suckle and 

 begin to eat green food ; they lose flesh rapidly and 

 suffer from enteritis, dying in from 8 to 15 days. 

 According to Galloway (1) a most important portion 

 of the developmental cycle of this parasite takes 

 place only external to the body, under aerobic cir- 

 cumstances ; (2) Influences outside the body delay 

 and even prevent, the external sporulation of the 

 parasite, thus interfering with its infective power ; 

 (3) The host cannot be infected by coccidia inocu- 

 lated directly from an animal already suffering, thus 

 proving that the disease, though infectious, is so only 

 in a very special way ; (4) The parasite infects the 

 host by passing into the alimentary canal, where it meets 

 suitable conditions for its future development ; (5 ) The 

 parasite enters and grows within epithelial cells, 

 without necessarily destroying them and causes great 

 proliferation of the neighboring epithelium. This 

 parasite is also the cause of a cutaneous psorosper- 

 mosis of fowls, geese, turkeys, and pigeons, forming 

 wart-like nodules on the head, and showing close 

 analogy to the disease of man called Epithelioma coti- 

 tagiosum or Alolluscum contagiosum. Treatment 

 consists in cauterization by the hot iron or by chemi- 

 cals. Oil of turpentine is also effective and prophy- 

 lactic. — Coccidium perforans, Leuckart (1879). 

 This is found in the intestinal epithelium of the 

 dog, rabbit, cat, and man. — Coccidium rivolta, 

 Grassi (1881). It is found encysted in the epi- 

 thelial cells of the intestine in cats, and also free 

 in the intestinal contents and feces. This species 

 closely resembles the Coccidium perforans of the dog. 

 — Coenurus cerebralis, Rudolphi. This is the cys- 

 tic larva or finn of Tenia canurus, Kiichenmeister, 

 of the dog, q. v. It is found in the brain and spinal 

 marrow of cattle, sheep, goats, camels, dromedaries, 

 horses and exceptionally, in man, producing staggers 

 {Hydatidocephalus, Gid). It has also been found in 

 the muscles of the domestic rabbit and in the subcu- 

 taneous connective tissue of the calf and sheep. 

 — Ccenurus serialis, Gervais. This is the cystic 

 finn of Tenia serialis. Its usual habitat is the con- 

 nective tissue of domestic rabbits, hares, and squirrels, 

 occurring on the head, neck, loins, thorax and limbs, 

 and rarely, in the spinal cord. The fact that the 

 largest number of coenures have been collected from 

 wild rabbits would appear to indicate that the Tenia 

 which produces them must inhabit the intestine of 

 some carnivorous animal that usually lives in the same 

 localities as the rabbits, and that the development of 



