PARASITES 



990 



Dujardin. This is found in the small intestine of the 

 brown rat (Mus decumanus, Pallas) . — Distoma, sp., 

 Duncker. This larva was found by Leunis encap- 

 sulated in the muscles of the domestic hog, in the fleshy 

 part of the diaphragm, and in the laryngeal muscles. 

 Distoma texicanum, Francis (Oct., 1891). See 

 Distoma magnum, Bassi (1875). — Distoma trunca- 

 tum, Rudolphi, Ercolani. Syn., Distoma conus, 

 Creplin ; Distoma conjunctum, Cobbold (1859) ; Dis- 

 toma felineum, Rivolta; Distoma campanulatum, 

 Ercolani. According to Neumann, this Distoma was 

 first found in the Greenland seal (Otto and Rudolphi), 

 then in the cat (Creplin, Rivolta, Zwaardemaker, 

 Generali), dog (Ercolani, Rivolta, Zwaardemaker, 

 De Jong, Sonsino), American red fox (Cobbold), 

 Indian Pariah dogs (Lewis). It is frequent in Hol- 

 land and in India. It lodges itself in the bile-ducts 

 and gall-bladder, and gives rise to a cirrhosis, which 

 has been studied by Zwaardemaker and Neumann — . 

 Ditrachyceras rudis, Sultzer. See Diceras rude, 

 Rudolphi. — Dochmius anchylostoma, Molin 

 (1860). See Dochmius duodenalis, Leuckart. — Doch- 

 mius balsami, Pavona. See Uncinaria trigono- 

 cephala, Rudolphi. — Dochmius duodenalis, Leuck- 



Cephalic extremity of Dochmius duodenalis, Leuckart ; 

 profile and front view. {After Leuckart.) 



art (1876). Syn., Anchylostoma duodenale, Dubini 

 (1843) > Dochmius anchylostoma, Molin (i860) ; An- 

 chylostomum duodenale, Creplin (1845); Pruner (1847); 

 Dubini (1850); Diesing (1851) ; Sclerestoma duode- 

 nalis, Cobbold ; Strongylus duodenalis , Schneider 

 (1866) ; Strongylus quadridentatus , von Siebold 

 (1851); Uncincaria duodenalis, Railliet (1885). This 

 nematode occurs in immense numbers in the duode- 

 num of man in many tropical and sub-tropical coun- 

 tries, causing a peculiar anemia known to the Ancient 

 Egyptians as the " aaa disease " and in modern times 

 as dochmiasis, anchylostomiasis, Egyptian chlorosis, 

 chlorosis agyptiaca, tropical chlorosis, hypocemia inter- 

 tropkalis, brick-makers' 1 anemia, tunnel anemia, 

 miners' cachexia, anaemia vel cachexia montana, jail 

 debility. Oswald Baker reports having found the ova 

 in the evacuations of the dog, and Lutz records 

 the parasite in the gibbon. Giles and Sinclair 

 find the disease known as Beri-beri and the 

 Kala-gar of Assam and Ceylon to be identical 

 with dochmiasis. No intermediate host is neces- 

 sary, but the eggs are not able to develop in the 

 intestine if swallowed immediately after they have 

 been laid. They must first develop into rhabditiform 

 larvre in muddy water or upon damp earth, which, after 

 moulting two or three times, reach a stage in which 

 they can develop no more outside the human intestine. 

 The ethereal extract of male /em is a favorite remedy, 

 but Sonsino, Macdonakl, and others regard thymol 

 as almost a specific. Perfect cleanliness must, of 

 course, be insisted upon, as this parasite has no inter- 

 mediate host, it being conveyed directly through dirt 

 or food contaminated with infected feces. — Dochmius 

 sangeri, Cobbold (1882). This is found in the intestine 

 of the Indian elephant. To the naked eye this small 



PARASITES 



worm looks like an ordinary thread-worm, but a hand 

 lens is sufficient to demonstrate its strongvloid char- 

 acter. — Dochmius stenocephalus, Raillic 

 Uncinaria stenocephala, Railliet. — Dochmius trig- 

 onocephala, Dujardin. See Uncinaria trigonoceph- 

 ala, Rudolphi. — Dochmius tubaeformis, Molin. 

 See Uncinaria trigonocephala, Rudolphi. — Docoph- 

 orus adustus, Nitzsch. See Docophorus icterotdes, 

 Nitzsch. — Docophorus icteroides, Nitzsch. A louse 

 frequent on ducks, relatively rare on geese, on which 

 according to Piaget, it constitutes a mere variety 

 called by Nitzsch Docophorus adustus. — Dog-flea. 

 See Pulex serraticeps, Gervois. — Dog-lice. See 

 Hcematopinus piliferus, Burmeister, and Tn 

 latus, Nitzsch. — Dog-tick. See Ixodes ricinus, Linne, 

 and Dermacentor americanus, Linne;. — Domestic 

 Fly. See Musca domestica, Linne. — Douve du foie. 

 See Fasciola hepatica, Linne. Dovecote Bug. See 

 Acanthia columbaria, Jenyns. — Draconcilla Sp.— 

 Dracunculus, Lister (1690). See Dracunculus 

 medinensis, Cobbold (1864). — Dracunculus loa, 

 Cobbold (1864). Syn., Dracunculus oculi, Diesing 

 (i860) ; Loa, Guyot, Bajon, Mongin, Guyon,etc. ; Ft/- 

 aria medinensis, Gmelin ; Filaria hominisovis, 

 Filaria lacrymalis, Dubini (1850, nee Gurlt, 1831); 

 Filaria oculi , Gervais,Van Beneden, Moquin-Tandoo; 

 Filaria loa, Guyot (1778). A parasite found beneath 

 the conjunctiva of negroes of the Gaboon and Conge 

 region also reported from S. America, Martinique, San 

 Domingo, etc. The natives state that after a period 

 of several years the worm voluntarily quits th 

 Dracunculus longissimus, Csesalpinus (1585). Se 

 Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing (1851). Dracunculus 

 medinensis, Cobbold (1864). Syn. , D. persarum, 

 Kampfer (1694), Diesing; Filaria medinensis, Gmelin. 

 (1789), Olfers, Rudolphi; Filaria dracunculus, 

 Bremser (1819), McClelland, Pruner; Filaria roma- 

 norum orientalis, Sarcani ; Furia medinensis, Modeei 

 (1795); Gordius medinensis, Linne (1767), Grundler; 

 Vena medinensis, Velsch (1674), Dracunculus, Listei 

 (1690) ; Vermis medinensis, Grundler (1740) ; Medina- 

 ivor in, Guinea-worm, Filaira de mediae, Filairt 

 Guinnee, Ver de Guinee dragoneau, J er entente dt 

 marchais, Veine de medine, Fr. ; Fademvurm, Haua 

 wurm, Beinwurm, Pharaohswurm, Guineaivu 

 dinawurm, Medinerischer oder guineischer Fade* 

 wurm, Ger. ; Draconcillo , Sp.; A'ishta, Rus.; Pt 

 junk, Nam, Pers. ; Narambo, Narapoo chalaiuiy. 

 Hind.; Ilanschoschim Haschrofim, Heb.; A 

 H'tupov, Agatharchidas (Plutarch, Svmposiacon viiil.r 

 parasite known to the ancients, being the " I 

 pents " which afflicted the children of Israel during 

 their stay in the neighborhood of the Red Si 

 is still the center of the geographic distribution of t 

 worm. It is exclusively confined to hot countri 

 Arabia Petrsea, the border of the Persian (iulfam 

 Caspian Sea, the banks of the Ganges, Upper Egypt. 

 Abyssinia, Guinea, and the Upper Senegal. 

 occurs in the West Indies, Guiana, and lira, 

 Although chiefly known as a parasite of man. it 

 been found in the dog, horse, and ox, th 

 produced by it being known as dracontia 

 worm is supposed to have small crustacei 

 podd) as its intermediate hosts, and to bo taken 

 drinking-water. Carter suggests the house-fly M 

 intermediate host. It occurs in the subcutaiH 

 connective tissues, especially of the legs and feet.^ 

 is usually removed by gentle and continued I 

 but the natives of India hold the plant Anuirpa 

 or A'adpdna, as a specific in the shape of applieatl 

 of the bruised leaves. — Dracunculus oculi, I '>< 

 (i860). See Dracunculus loa, Cobbold (1 



