PARASITES 



Dracunculus persarum, Ksempfer (1694). SeeDra- 

 !us medinensis, Cobbold (1864). — Dracunculus 

 spathulum, Leuckart. See Distomum sine use, Cob- 

 bold (1875). — Dragon d'alger, Dragon-leech. See 

 Hirudo troctina, Johnson. — Duck-louse. See Li- 

 peurus squalidus, Leach. — Diinndarmbremse. See 

 Gastrophilus nasalis, Linne. — Dyticus marginalis, 

 Linne. A beetle the larva of which is reported as a 

 human pseudo-parasite by Hope. — Earwig. See For- 

 ficula auricularia, Linne. — Echinococcifer echino- 

 coccus. Weinland (1861). See Ttenia echinococcus, 

 von Siebold, (1853). — Echinococcus altricipariens, 

 Kiichenmeister ; Echinococcus alveolaris, Bern- 

 steiner ; Echinococcus aristis, Blanchard ; Echin- 

 ococcus cerebralis, Perroncito ; Echinococcus 

 endogenus, Kuhl ; Echinococcus exogenus, Kuhl; 

 Echinococcus gallopavonis, von Siebold ; Echin- 

 ococcus giraffae, Gervais (1847) ; Echinococcus 

 granulosus, Rudolphi (1810), Leuckart ; Echin- 

 ococcus hominis, Rudolphi (1810), Bremser, Chiaje ; 

 Echinococcus hydatidosus, Leuckart ; Echino- 

 coccus infusorum, Fr. ; S. Leuckart (1827) ; Echin- 

 ococcus multilocularis, Leuckart. See Echin- 

 cus polymorphic, Diesing. — Echinococcus poly- 

 rphus, Diesing (1851) , Leidy. Syn. , Acephalocystis 

 endogena, Hunter, Owen ; Acephalocystis exogena, 

 Kuhl; Acephalocystis granulosa, Laennec (1804), Clo- 

 quet ; Acephalocystis macaci, Cobbold ; Acephalocystis 

 ozis tragelaphi, Cobbold; Acephalocystis ofoidea,L.xn- 



§(1804), Cloquet, Deslongchamps, Chiaje ; Acepha- 

 stis curculigera, Lsennec (1804) , Diskostoma aceph- 

 ystis, Goodsir (1S44), Echinococcus areolaris, 

 nsteiner ; Echinococcus altricipariens, Kiichen- 

 ster ; Echinococcus arietis, Blanchard ; Echinococ- 

 cerebralis, Perroncito ; Echinococcus endogenus , 

 Kuhl ; Echino occus exogenus, Kuhl ; Echinococcus 

 uis, von Siebold ; Echinococcus giraffic, 

 Gervais ; Echinococcus granulosus, Rudolphi ; Echin- 

 us hydatidosus, Leuckart ; Echinococcus homi- 

 . Rudolphi, Leidy, Bremser, Chiaje; Echinococcus 

 usorum, Fr. , S. Leuckart (1827); Echinococcus 

 1 multilocularis, Leuckart ; Echinococcus scolepariens, 

 henmeister; Echinococcus simia-, Rudolphi (1810); 

 I Echinococcus simplex, Leuckart ; Echinococcus veteri- 

 i norum, Rudolphi (1810), Bremser, Gurlt, Blanchard ; 

 Hydatigena granulosa, Batsch (1786); Hydatis, Liider- 

 sen, Rudolphi, Olfers, Bremser ; Hydatis erratica, Blu- 

 menbach (1810) ; Polycephalus hominis, Goeze (1782), 

 Jordens (1802) ; Polycephalus humanus, Zeder (1803); 

 i Polycephalus granulosus, Zeder (1803), Cloquet; 

 Polycephalus echinococcus, Zeder (1803), Tschudi ; 

 Tienia visceralis socialis granulosa, Goeze (1782) ; 



■ Tama granulosa, Gmelin (1790) ; Vesicaria gran- 

 ulosa , Schrank (1788). The "hydatids," "acephalo- 

 cysts," " echinococcus-vesicles," " pill-box vesicles," 

 etc. , of medical writers. This parasite is thefinn of a 

 small tapeworm ( Tcenia echinococcus , von Siebold, 

 1853) which infests only the dog and the wolf, occurring 

 in a great variety of animals ; it was long regarded as 

 an independent and distinct animal, varying specifically 

 in different hosts and organs. Echinococci have been 

 found in man, monkeys, the dog, cat, ichneumon, 

 rabbit, squirrel, pig, wild boar, ox, argali, sheep, 

 goat, deer, giraffe, camel, dromedary, elan, antelope, 

 horse, zebra, elephant, tapir, kangaroo, and turkey. 

 They are most frequently found in ruminants, the pig 

 and the dog, and are endemic in Iceland and abun- 

 dant in regions where large numbers of cattle are 

 raised. They are found in all parts of their host, but 

 the liver is the favorite location. — Echinococcus 

 veterinorum, Rudolphi (1810). See Echino 

 polymorphus, Diesing (1851). — Echinorhynchus an- 



991 PARASITES 



gustatus, Rudolphi. A parasite of fresh water fishes. 

 — Echinorhynchus caprae, Braun (1810). See Lin- 

 guatula rhinaria, Railliet, 1886. — Echinorhynchus 

 cuniculi, Bellingham. This is found in the small intes- 

 tine of the domestic rabbit. — 

 Echinorhynchus filicollis, Ru- 

 dolphi. This is found in the in- 

 testine of the domestic duck. — 

 Echinorhynchus gigas, Goeze 

 (1782). Syn., Echinorhynchus 

 hominis, Lambl (1859); the Giant 

 Echinorhynchus. This parasite 

 is found in the small intestine 

 of the hog, the wild boar, the 

 collared peccary and the striped 

 hyena. It is common in India, 

 North Africa, France, Germany, 

 and Austria, and occurs in the 

 United States and Mexico. Only 

 one case, regarded by Leuckart 

 as accidental, is recorded of its 

 occurrence in man. Kaiser finds 

 that the common rose-chafer 

 [Cetoma aurata, Linne) swallows 

 the larva of this worm from the 

 excrement of the pig, and is 

 probably the intermediate host of 

 the worm. Schneider regards the 

 white worm, the larva of the 

 ordinary May-bug (Alelolontha 

 vulgaris, Fabricius) as the inter- 

 mediate host, and Lespes caused 

 the ova of this parasite to be 

 hatched in the intestine of several 

 species of snails [Helix promatia, 

 Linne; Helix hortensis, Miiller ; 

 Limax maximus, Linne ; Arion 

 rufus, Linne.) — Echinorhyn- 

 chus hominis, Lambl (1859). 

 See Echinorhynchus gigas, Goeze 

 (1782). — Echinorhynchus 

 miliaris, Zenker. See Echinor- 

 hynchus polymorphus, Bremser. 

 — Echinorhynchus monilifor- 

 mis, Bremser. This parasite, 



known to occur rarely in the field-mouse (An'icola arva- 

 lis, Selys-Longchamps) and the hamster [Cricetus fru- 

 men/arius, Pallas), has been proved by Grassi and 

 Calendruccio to occur in the brown or Norway rat (J/us 

 decumanus, Pallas) and in man, the second investigator 

 having himself voided over fifty specimens from his in- 

 testine after taking extract of male fern. The common 

 churchyard-beetle [Blaps mortisaga, Linne) is the inter- 

 mediate host of this parasite. — Echinorhynchus 

 muris, Zeder. This is found in the stomach of the 

 house-mouse (Mus musculus, Linne). — Echinorhyn- 

 chus polymorphus, Bremser. This is found in the in- 

 testine of the tame swan ( Cygnus odor, Linne) and the 

 domestic goose (Anser domesticus, Linne). Graeff has 

 recognized the larval form of this parasite in the fresh- 

 water shrimp (Gammaruspulex, (L.) De Geer), in 

 which it has been named Echinorhynchus miliaris, 

 Zenker. Von Siebold found it frequently encysted in 

 the intestinal walls of the crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis, 

 Rondelet). — Echinorhynchus sphaezocephalus, 

 Bremser. This is found in the intestine of the domestic 

 duck (Anas domestica, Linne). — Echinorhynchus, 

 sp., Lewis. This is found in the walls of the stomach 

 of lhe dog. — Egyptian Ixode. See Ixodes (Vgyptius, 

 Linne, and Ixodes savignyi, P., Gervais. — Eimeria 

 falciformis, Fimer. A psorosperm found by Rivolta, 

 d'Arloing, Tripier, and Silvestrim in the liver of the 



A male Echinorhyn- 

 chus ANGLSTATVS 

 Rudolphi. (The in- 

 ternal organs con- 

 sist of the sheath of 

 the proboscis, with 

 retractor muscles, 

 lemniscus, and sex- 

 ual organs. An in- 

 testine is wanting.) 

 (After Leuckart.) 



