PARASITES 



992 



PARASITES 



rabbit, but previously only found in the intestinal 

 epithelium of the mouse. Artificial psorospermosis 

 was produced by feeding birds with masses of affected 

 flesh. — Eimeria Sp., Blanchard. R. Blanchard re- 

 fers to this genus as the parasite mentioned by Rivolta 

 in chickens, and which the latter regarded as Sarco- 

 sporidia. Probably the parasites of Kiihn belong here 

 also. — Elophilus pendulus. See Helophilus pendu- 

 lus, Meigen. — Emasculating Bot. See Sitomyscal- 

 ifomicus. — Enchytrceus albidus, Henle. Under 

 the name Dactylitis aculeatus. Curling described this 

 setigerous annelid as having been observed in the urine 

 of a girl five years old, undoubtedly introduced design- 

 edly, as this worm is not parasitic, but common in 

 garden-earth. — Entodinium bursa, Stein. A peri- 

 trichous infusorian found in the rumen of the ox and 

 sheep, as are also the three following species : Ento- 

 dinium caudatum, Stein ; Entodinium minimum, 

 Schuberg ; Entodinium rostratum, Fiorentini. — 

 Entozoon folliculorum, Wilson (1845). See Demo- 

 dex folliculorum , Owen (1843). — Epauletted Ixode. 

 See Ixodes scapulatus, Megnin. — Epidermoptes bi- 

 furcatus, Rivolta (1865). Produces a cutaneous 

 acariasis of fowls. — Epidermoptes bilobatus (Riv- 

 olta), Railliet and Lucet (1891). Syn. , Symbiotes 

 avium, Caparini (1880). Produces a multiple cuta- 

 neous acariasis in fowls. — Epidermoptes cysticola, 

 Rivolta. See Symplectoptes cysticola, Railliet. — Eris- 

 talis tenax, Linne. Syn. Ver a queue de rat, Ratten- 

 sck-uanzlarve, Rat-tailed larvce. The larvae are 

 reported by Jewell from the human intestine. Under 

 the name Cercosoma, Canali and Brera, Bremser, 

 Rudolphi, Siebold, and Diesing described a larva of 

 this fly, or Helophilus pendulus, which had accidentally 

 got into the urine. — Eucolus aerophilus, Creplin. 

 See Trichiosoma cerophilum, Creplin. — Eustrongylus 

 gigas, Diesing (185 1). Syn., Serpents des rognons des 

 loups, Jean de Clamorgan (1570) ; Dracunculus longis- 

 simus ccesalpineus , (1585) ; Ascaris canis et martis, 

 Schrank, (1 788) ; Ascaris visceralis, Gmelin (1789) ; 

 Ascaris renalis, Gmelin (1789) ; Fusaria visceralis, 

 Zeder (1800) ; Fusaria renalis, Zeder (1800) ; Lumbri- 

 cus in renibus, Blasius ; Lumbricus martis et canis 

 renalis, Redi ; Lumbricus sanguineus in rene canis, 

 Hartman ; Les vers sortis des reins et de Vurethre, 

 Moublet ; Lumbricus gulonis sibirici, Pallas ; Diocto- 

 phytne, Collet-Meygret (1802) ; Strongylus gigas, 

 Rudolphi (1802) ; Strongylus renalis, Moquin-Tandon 

 (i860). This is the largest of the parasitic Nematodes. 

 Its habitat is the kidney, although reported from the 

 liver (Lissizin) and heart (Jones) of the dog. It is met 

 with in man, the horse, ox, dog, wolf, mink, marten, 

 weasel, otter, seal, glutton, raccoon, coati, etc. It is 

 fortunately rare in man ; the symptoms arising from 

 its presence resemble those of renal abscess or calculus. 

 The finding of the eggs in the urine is the most im- 

 portant diagnostic consideration. The intermediate 

 host is unknown, though the Filaria cystica or Filaria 

 piscium, Rudolphi, found by Schneider encysted in 

 fishes, is held by some to be the larva of this worm. 

 Oil of turpentine may cause migration of the worm, but 

 extirpation is indicated. — Eustrongylus visceralis. 

 See Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing. — Eutarsus can- 

 criformis. An arachnidan found by Hessling and 

 held by Cobbold to be a genuine human parasite. — 

 Eutodinium bursaria, Stein. — Eutodinium cauda- 

 tum, Stein. — Eutodinium dentatum, Stein (1858). 

 Three species of peritrichous infusoria resembiing 

 Ophry oscolex, and described at the same time as endo- 

 parasitic in the first and second stomachs of rumi- 

 nants. — Fadenwurm, Ger. See Dracunculus 

 tnedinensis, Lister. — Fadenwurm des Augapfels. 



Fasciola hepatica, 

 Lin lie. (After 

 Leuckart) 



See Filaria conjunctiva, Addario. Falciger rostra- 

 tus, Bucholz. This is found on pigeons and several 

 other birds, chiefly in the subcutaneous connective 

 tissue around the large veins of the neck and on the 

 surface of the pericardium. The hypopial nympha of 

 this parasite was described by Megnin as Hypodectes 

 columbce. According to Robertson, wild and tame 

 pigeons are rarely free from these Acarina. — Fas- 

 ciola americana, Hassall. — Fasciola carnosa, 

 Hassall. See Distoma magnum, Bassi. — Fasciola 

 hepatica, Linne (1767), Pallas, Fabricius, Cobbold. 

 Syn., Fasciola humana, Gmelin 

 (1789), Fasciola lanceolata, Ru- 

 dolphi (1803), Distoma hepati- 

 cum, Retzius (1786), Abildgaard, 

 Zeder, Mehlis ; Planaria latius- 

 cula, Goeze ; Douve du foie, 

 Liver/luke. "The scientific 

 nomenclature of this parasite in- 

 volves a question of some import- 

 ance. Amongst naturalists gen- 

 erally, the common liver-fluke is 

 continually described under the 

 combined generic and specific 

 title of Distoma hepaticum, but 

 working parasitologists, who are at the same time 

 acquainted with the writings of the earlier scientific 

 observers, know very well that this title is both incor- 

 rect and inappropriate. The proper generic appellation 

 of this parasite is Fasciola, as first proposed by the 

 illustrious Linnaeus (1767) and subsequently adopted 

 by F. Miiller (1787), Brera (1811), Ramdoh'r (1814), 

 and others. Unfortunately, however, Retzius (1786) 

 and Zeder (1800) changed the generic title without 

 good cause, and the majority of writers, following 

 their authority, obstinately refused to employ the origi- 

 nal name, although fair dealing with the posthumous 

 reputation of its distinguished 

 author, and a consideration of the 

 distinctive types of structure dis- 

 played by the two genera (Dis- 

 toma and Fasciola), alike demand 

 the retention of the Linnaean title. 

 In later times, M. Emile Blanch- 

 ard (1847), of Paris, has strongly 

 advocated the final adoption of 

 the original nomenclature, and 

 has also from time to time (in 

 1854-56-58-60 and 1862) dem- 

 onstrated the propriety of re- 

 jecting the commonly received 

 synonym. Another distinguished 

 French naturalist, namely, Prof. 

 Moquin-Tandon, has also em- 

 ployed the term Fasciola, but by 

 placing in the genus several 

 species not properly belonging to it, such as Di>- 

 toma lanceolatum and Distoma heterophyes, he has 

 unwittingly rendered "confusion worse confoumW 

 (Cobbold)." This is preeminently a parasite ot 

 ruminants (ox, sheep, goat, camel), but it is a 

 found in the hog, in the horse and ass (DaubentoiiK i 

 the hare and rabbit (Cobbold) the squirrel (To/zetti). 

 kangaroo (Bremser, Diesing), antelopes and den 

 (Ploskal), beaver (Czermak), and man (Partridge. 

 Giesker, Harris, etc. ). It is usually found in the liver. 

 gall-bladder, but sometimes wanders about. 1 

 the lungs and afterwards the muscles and connecW* 

 tissue. The egg of the fluke, passing from the bilil 

 duct through the intestine to the ground, gives rise b 

 a ciliated embryo, which attaches itself to and pet! 

 trates the water-snail (Limnica minuta, Draparnaud« 



Free embryo of Fas- 

 ciola hepatica 

 Linne. (After 

 Leuckart.) 



