PARASITES 



1008 



PARASITES 



ma suis, Lutz. See Rhabdonema longum, Grassi and 

 Segre. — Rhophalocephalus carcinomatosis, Korot- 

 nefif (1893). Found in carcinomatous growths. It is 

 referred to a group of organisms intermediate between 

 the monocystic Gregarince (Monocystida;) and the 

 Coccidia {Coccididce) . It shows close relationship to 

 Ophryocystisbutschli, Schneider (1884). Korotneff sum- 

 marizes his observations as follows : I. "Carcinoma 

 is malignant only in case of the presence of Rhopha- 

 locephalus within it." 2. Rhophalocephalus belongs by 

 nature to the Sporozoa, and consists of two stages 

 of development : Ameba and Coccidum. 3. The 

 respective conditions of these two stages of develop- 

 ment are shown by the two kinds of larva, the zooid 

 (zooit) which has no enclosing envelopment (Hiille), 

 and the sporozooid (sporozooit), which has an envelop. 

 4. The zooid, as also the sporozooid, can be either a 

 coccidium or an ameba, with this difference, however, 

 that in a coccidium we usually find only one larva 

 (zooid or sporozooid), while in the ameba we may 

 find many larvae together, and of both kinds. 5. The 

 zooid forms a coccidium by encapsulation, but the 

 sporozooid changes into an ameba when it loses its 

 envelop. 6. The zooid, under favorable conditions 

 of nourishment, can enlarge considerably, and assume 

 a gregarina-like form. 7. The disappearance of the 

 nucleus before or at the time of the formation of the 

 larva (multiplication) either in the case of the ameba 

 or coccidium, is a constant occurrence. 8. A regular 

 succession of the stages of development (ameba and 

 coccidium) does not occur in Rhophalocephalus ; it is 

 entirely accidental. 9. The coccidia, as well as the 

 larvae, are entirely passive, and are driven here and 

 there in the organism, while the amebae move about 

 actively. 10. Before the larva is formed within the 

 ameba, the latter becomes encapsulated and degene- 

 rates proportionately to the formation of the larva, a 

 circumstance which corresponds with the penetration 

 of the leukocytes into the interior of the cysts. 1 1 . 

 Leukocytes are necrophages which have nothing to do 

 with living parasites ; their role is not beneficial but 

 pernicious, as they form in great numbers around the 

 parasites and change into corpuscles. 12. The zooid 

 and coccidium are intracellular parasites, while the 

 sporozooid and ameba are ^cta-cellular or inter-cellu- 

 lar parasites. 1 3. After a zooid has penetrated into 

 a cancer-cell, it may undergo division and form the 

 nucleus (Bildungscentrum) of a cancer-pearl {ICrebs- 

 perle). 14. The pearls form a necrotic area, which 

 opening outward takes on the character of an abscess." 

 — Rhynchoprion columbae, Hermann. See Argas 

 refiexus, Latreille. — Rhynchoprion penetrans, 

 Owen. See Sarcopsylla penetrans , Westwood. — Rici- 

 nus canis, De Geer. See Trichodectes latus, Nitzsch. 

 — Ricinus caninus, Ray. See Ixodes ricinus, Linne. 

 — Ricinus gallinas, De Geer. See Goniocotes holo- 

 gaster, Nitzsch. — Rischta, Rees. See Dracunculus 

 medinensis, Cobbold. — Rouget, Le. See Tetranychus 

 autumnalis, Shaw. —Rustic Breeze-fly. See Taba- 

 nus rusticus, Fabricius. — Sand-flea, Sandfloh. See 

 Sarcopsylla penetrans, Westwood. — Sagittula homi- 

 nis, Lamarck, Chiaje, Diesing. Syn., Animal Bipede, 

 Bastiani. According to de Blainville and von Siebold. 

 this is a fragment of the Y-shaped first branchial arch 

 of some bird which was passed with the feces. — 

 Sangsue-Dragon. See Ilirudo troctina, Johnson. 

 — Sangsue du cheval. See Ilirudo sanguisuga, 

 Bergmann. — Sangsue grise. See Ilirudo medici- 

 nalis, Ray. — Sangsue medicinale. See Hirudo 

 medicinalis, Ray. — Sangsue noire. See Ilirudo ob- 

 scura. — Sangsue vert. See Ilirudo medicinalis, Ray. 

 — Sanguisuga interrupta, Moquin-Tandon. See 



Ilirudo troctina, Johnson. — Sanguisuga javanica, 

 Wahlberg. See Ilirudo javanica, Wahlberg. — San- 

 guisuga medicinalis, Savigny. See Ilirudo medicin- 

 alis, Ray. — Sanguisuga officinalis, Savigny; See 

 Ilirudo medicinalis, Ray. — Sanguisuga tagalla, 

 Meyen. See Ha:madipsa ceylonica. — Sarcocystis 

 hirsuta, Moule. See Sarcocystis tenella, Railliet. — 

 Sarcocystis miescheri, Ray Lankester (1882). Syn , 

 Synchytrium miescherianum, Kiihn (1865), Zopf; 

 Corpuscles of Rainey; Rainess Bodies ; Rai/iey's Cor- 

 puscles ; Rainey : s Tubes; Utricles of Miescher ; Mie- 

 seller's Tubes ; Tubespore spherique . Sausage-like psoro- 

 sperm tubes or saccules occasionally found in immense 

 numbers in the muscles of pigs, cattle, sheep, mice and 

 fowls, but never in man. — Sarcocystis tenella, Rail- 

 liet. Syn., Sarcocystis hirsuta, Moule. The cause of 

 psorospermosis in the muscles of the sheep (Huet, 

 Moule, von Hessling, Cobbold, Sticker, Brusafeno, 

 Krause), the goat (Pagenstecher, Moule), the ox (von 

 Hessling, Cobbold, Perroncito, Krause, Manz, Beale, 

 Moule), and the horse (Siedamgrotzky, Schulze, Piitz, 

 Moule). — Sarcophaga carnaria, Meigen. Syn., 

 Gray Carnivorous Fly ; Mouche camassiere, Fr.; Graue 

 Tleischfliege, Ger. Common in Europe in summer and 

 autumn ; very rarely deposits its eggs and larvae in 

 wounds. — Sarcophaga magnifica, Schiner. (1862). 

 Syn., Sarcophaga [Sarcophila) ivohlforti, Portschin- 

 sky (1875) ; Sarcophaga ruralis, Meigen; Sarcophila 

 meigeni, Portschinsky ; The Magnificent Sarcophagus. 

 A fly common to Europe and Russia, rural in habit, 

 never entering houses ; found especially about the 

 flowers of Eryngium. The larvae occur in wounds 

 and folds of the skin of cattle, horses, sheep, dogs, 

 and domestic birds, especially geese. They are espe- 

 cially abundant where collections of sebaceous matter 

 exist, as in the lacuna? of the fourchet of a horse's 

 foot, the cavity of the sheath, or the folds of the pas- 

 tern, where they produce ulceration. They are espe- 

 cially abundant in the districts of Mohilew, Orscha, 

 and Gorki. Megnin holds that the majority of cases 

 of myiosis in Europe are due to this fly. — Sarco- 

 phaga ruralis, Meigen. See Sarcophaga magnifica, 

 Schiner. — Sarcophaga wohlfarti, Portschinsky. 

 Syn., Sarcophaga magnifica, Schiner. — Sarcophila 

 meigeni, Portschinsky 

 See Sarcophaga 

 nifica, Schiner. - 

 cophila wohlfarti, 

 Portschinsky. See Sar- 

 cophaga magnifica, Schi- 

 ner. — S arcopsylla 

 gallinacea, Westwood. 

 The chigoe of fowls. 

 Found on domestic fowls 

 in Ceylon by Morely 

 and by Green at Colom- 

 bo. — Sarcopsylla 

 penetrans, Westwood 

 (1840). Syn., Pulex 

 mittimus cut em pene- 

 trans, Catesby (1743) ; 

 Pulex minutis simus ni- 

 gricans, Barrere (1743) ; 

 A car us fuscus sub cutem 

 nidulans, P. Brown 

 (1756); Pulex penetrans, 

 Linne (1758); Rhyncho- 

 prion penetrans, Oken (181 5) ; Sarcopsylla t 

 Westwood (1840); Dermatophilus penetrans, GueriB 

 Meneville ; Chigo, Chigoe, Chique, Chigga, 

 Chiggre, Jigger, Sand/lea, Sandfloh, Puce penetraim 

 Puce-chique, Pique, Tique, Ton, A'igua, Bichotmiga, 



mag- 

 Sar- 



Sarcopsylla pknktkans, 

 Westwood; A, female; B, 

 male. (After Leuckart.) 



