STARCH 1408 STARCH 



ward shown to belong to the endothelial tissues ; they having both hilum and concentric rings invisible in the 



have the power of enclosing various granules ; Kupf- majority of granules. It includes the starches of wheat, 



fer's cells. S., Daughter. See Diaster. S. Grass. barley, rye, chestnut, and acorn, and a variety of 



See Aletris. S. -ridges. See Sclerosepta. Ss. of starches from medicinal plants, such as jalap, rhubarb, 



Verheyen. See Verheyen. senega, etc. IV. The sago-group comprises those 



Starch [starch) [ME., starche], C 6 H 10 O 5 . Amylutu, starches of which all the granules are truncated at one 



q. v. , one of the most widely-spread plant-substances, end. It includes sago, tapioca, and arum, together 



being found in nearly all plants above the fungi, with the starch from belladonna, colchicum, scammony, 



except, perhaps, Monotropa, and in nearly all the podophyllum, canella, aconite, cassia, and cinnamon, 



organs of plants, though not at all seasons. It occurs V. The rice-group. In this group all the starches are 



most abundantly in the seeds, tubers, bulbs, rooCs, and angular or polygonal in form. It includes oats, rice, 



rhizomes, also in the pith, bark, and leaves. Starch is, buckwheat, maize, dari, pepper, as well as ipecacu- 



perhaps, the most important of the heat-givers or force- anha. In addition to the differences in form and 

 producers in the food of plant-eating 

 animals. The following table, after x=sss^ 



Church and Krocker, gives the quan- j$5^w^*^$'?\ i^k ) r\ (TV & Of"? 0> 



tities of starch in ioo lbs. of several ^ 8slaia »!$llflL fSl^iyflw ^\ /~vINl. ^'(T^^ 



kinds of vegetable products and pre- ^C^lJlg, ^Wj^Wifh V£/ m^^^^fyCJ<j tfO 



Buckwheat, without husks, . . 44" 6 4 ^^fejS' ^*«BB2' ^S/P) Q**' G3 w ^°^ 



Millet, without husks 64 -^*w *-/ 



Scotch oatmeal, 63 Potato-starch. Tapioca. 



Beans, 36-52 



Peas 39-51 _ 



Wheaten bread, 48 >*v ffS ^yfS «0 ^ f\,^\ f\ 



Wheaten bran, 44 %J \W W } f^s f*> Tjt# K 



Oats, whole 37"4o _, rf^\ " f£i w fc*J V^-. ># U 



Lentils, 40 ~J3Um i& tft 7Lf**i, *c*^ 



Potatoes, 10-24 (Co &?jK ^O^T^^y^^ Wi)& 'Ulir-SPi @> £\ 



Vegetable marrow] '. '. '. '. '. '. % jfifc T* $$$jif U^ Q_ &S £ky Oy^l^^/i^'i."; } 



Starch occurs in peculiar forms /g, 0-/CV yj^frip^ ® /^ ^40^^»ifw^ <rw ' 



called granules or grams, which in VJ- Wfifj £R> ^&2^r\ rv. &\ /^^ftl^ dnvs v2J'* 



shape, size, and markings are often g\ ^?%£L&f\ W f$yD *<J<P v* ^D- v- *- 



quite characteristic of the different V^VV )&£±J /"\ /s/ifp Rl ° Arrow-root. 



plants in which they occur. These %£** /fjii%2f flf& \^> » 



form a white, glistening powder, '•VpP 



insoluble in cold water, but nearly Maize. 



completely dissolved by hot water. ^ r ^ 



When heated with water the gran- $1§35*\ £*f?fc* (f^*\ /^^TV/I^^V /^^^\k 



which they are divided into five £\ s'Sffc&r /r-nvlsfe ^vn^T'''X\^^^ 



groups, on the basis of their phys- W *$& ^^f J^^ V^^/^J 



ical and microscopic differences, as 3*"er \^ 



follows: I. The potato-group in- Bermuda Arrow-root. Sago of Commerce. 



eludes such oval or ovate starches •«■„„:„ c ;«. 



as give a play of colors when examined by polar- marking mentioned, the starch-granules difler in si 



ized light and a selenite plate, and having the hilum according to their different sources, so that under 



and concentric rings clearly visible. It includes • the microscope they can be distinguished by I 

 tout les mots, or canna arrow-root, potato-starch, mar- measurement of the average diameter of the g™«ue. 



anta, or St. Vincent arrow-root, Natal arrow-root, and This ranges, according to karmarsch. from .01 to 



curcuma arrow-root. XI. The leguminous starches millimeter, or from .0004 to .0079 inch, bee 



comprise such round or oval starches as give little or Table of S., Animal. See Glycogen S.-bat 



no color with polarized light, have concentric rings all See Bath. S. Corn, a substance that has v,n >m. , 



but invisible, though becoming apparent in many cases granules, is highly nutritive, and is obtained from 1 



on treating the starch with chromic acid, while the dian corn. S.-enema, an enema consis in 



hilum is well-marked and cracked or stellate. It in- starch-water S. Gelatinized, a preparatmn use, 



eludes the starches of the bean, pea, and lentil. III. test in the U S. Ph. S., Hepatic. Sec 



The wheat-group comprises those round oroval starches S., Hydrated, a paste produced by adding hot 1 ate 



