TONOSCOPE 



547 



TOXIN 



intracellular bodies which build up strongly osmotic 

 substances within themselves and in this way swell up 

 to small vacuoles. Cf. Theory of de Vries. 



Tonoscope (ton' -o-skop) \rovog, tone ; aoMratv, to 

 view]. An instrument for examination of the interior 

 of the cranium by means of sound. 



Tonquinol (ton'-k-vin-ol). C 6 H(CH s )(C 4 H 9 )(NO,),. 

 Yellowish crystals which melt at 97 C, and possess a 

 strong odor of musk. Syn., "Artificial musk" ; 

 Trinitroisobutvltoluol. 



Tonsil. See Illus. Diet.) 2. A small lobe of the 

 cerebellar hemispheres situated on the inferior mesal 

 aspect. T., Epipharyngeal, T., Third. See 71, 

 Pharyngeal (Illus. Diet.). T., Gerlach's Tubal, a 

 mass of adenoid tissue in the lower part of the eusta- 

 chian tube, particularly along its median wall and 

 about the pharyngeal orifice. 



Tonsillith. See Tonsillolith. 



Tonsillolith (tonsil' -o-lith) [tonsilla, tonsil ; Aidoc, 

 stone]. A concretion within the tonsil. 



Tonsillotomy Rash. See under Rash. 



Tonsillotyphoid \ton-sil-o-ti f -foid). See Pharyngo- 

 typhus (Illus. Diet.). 



Tonsilsector (ton-sil-sek'-tor). A tonsillotome consist- 

 ing of a pair of circular scissor-blades moving inside a 

 circular guarding ring. 



Tonus. (See Illus. Diet.) T., Chemic, Zuntz and 

 RShrig's term for the condition of the muscles when 

 at rest and undergoing no mechanical exertion. 



Topasol ytop'-as-ol). See Anlicoroin, Anticomutin, 

 A ntim ucorin , A ntiperinosporin . 



Topesthesia (top-es-the'-se-ak 1 [twoc, place ; alodr/oic, 

 sensation]. Local tactile sensibility. 



Tophus. (See Illus. Diet.) Syn., Chalk-stone. T. 

 arthriticus. See Arthrolith. 



Toponym (top'-on-im) [t-j-oc, place ; dwua, a name]. 

 A term relating to position and direction. See Table 

 of Posture and Position 1 Illus. Diet.). 



Top-plate. See under Plate. 



Toril [torf-ti). An extract of meat containing its albu- 

 minoids prepared with the addition of savory herbs. 



Tormina. (See Illus. Diet.) T. intestinorum ner- 

 vosa, T. ventriculi nervosa. See Hyperperistalsis. 



Torosity to-ros f -lt-e) [torosus, brawny, muscular]. Mus- 

 cular strength. 



Torpescence (tor- pes' -ens') \torpere, to be numb]. 

 Numbness, torpidity. 



Torpescent (tor-pes'-ent). Numb, torpid. 



Torpify {tor'-pe-fi ). To make numb or torpid, to 

 stupefy. 



Torpitude (tor'-pe-tud). Torpidity, numbness. 



Torsiometer (tor-se-om f -et-ur) [torquere, to turn; nte- 

 tare, to measure]. An instrument for measuring ocu- 

 lar torsion. Syn., Clinosa>pe. 



Torsion. (See' Illus. Diet.) 2. The tilting of the 

 vertical meridian of the eye. I Duane.) Syn., Decli- 

 nation (Stevens), Wheel-rotation. Ger. Raddre- 

 hung. (Helmholtz.) Contorsion, the tilting of 

 the top ends of the vertical meridians toward each 

 other. (Duane.) Syn., Conclination. Dextrotor- 

 sion, a rotation of the vertical meridian of the eye to 

 the right. Syn., Positive wheel-rotation (Helmholtz), 

 Positive declination (Stevens). Distorsion, the tilt- 

 ing of the top ends of the vertical meridians away 

 from each other. (Duane.) Syn., Disclination. 

 Extorsion, rotation of the vertical meridian of the 

 eye outward. Intorsion, rotation of the vertical me- 

 ridian inward. Levotorsion, a rotation of the vertical 

 meridian of the eye to the left. 



Tort [torquere, to turn]. To tilt the vertical meridian 

 of the eye (Duane). Extort, to tilt the vertical me- 

 ridian outward. Intprt, to tilt the vertical meridian 



inward. Intorter, the muscle tilting the vertical 

 meridian of the eye inward. 



Torticollis. (See' Illus. Diet.) T. clonica. Syn- 

 onym of Wryneck, spasviodic. 



Tortoine (tor'-to-en). A product of cotoin by action 

 of formic aldehyd; small, yellow, tasteless crystals, 

 having a faint cinnamon odor ; insoluble in water, 

 sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether, but readily dis- 

 solved by chloroform, acetone, glacial acetic acid, and 

 alkalis. Dose, 25 eg. 3 times in 24 hours. 



Torula. (See Illus. Diet.) T. amara, Harrison 

 (1902 ), causes a bitter flavor in milk and cheese. 



Torus. (See Illus. Diet, i T. manus, metacarpus. 

 T. occipitalis, an inconstant elevation on the upper 

 part of the occipital bone. T. palatinus, an incon- 

 stant prominence on the hard palate at the junction of 

 the intermaxillary and palatomaxillary sutures. T. 

 spiralis, stria acustica. 



Tourniquet. (See Illus. Diet.) T.. Screw, that in- 

 vented by the French surgeon, John Lewis Petit 

 (1674-1750). See Tourniquet (I) (Illus. Diet). 



Toux-qui-houpe [Fr.]. Whence "hooping" cough, 

 rationalized into whooping-cough (q. v.). 



Toxalbumose (toks-al'-bu- mot). A toxic albumose. 



Toxenzyme (toks 1 '-en-urn). A toxic enzyme. 



Toxicarin (toks-ik-a / -rin). An active toxic principle 

 isolated with oepain from Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch. , 

 by H. W. Bettink. 



Toxichemitosis (toks-ik-etn-it-& '-sis) \toI-ik6v, poison ; 

 dlfia, blood]. Blood-poisoning. 



Toxicodendrol (toks-ik-o-den'-drol). A toxic nonvola- 

 tile oil from the poison ivy, Rhus toxicodendron, L., 

 and from poison sumach, Rhus venenata, D. C. 



Toxicomucin (toks-ik-o-mu / -sin). See Toxomucin. 



Toxicopathy (toks-ik-op' -a-the) [to%ik6v, poison ; rzafhc, 

 disease]. Disease of toxic origin. 



Toxicophobia (toks-ik-o-fc/ -be-ah) [to£ik6v, poison; 

 ooSoc, fear]. Fear of poisons. 



Toxicophylaxin (toks-ik-o-fi-laks' -in). See Toxophy- 

 laxin (Illus. Diet.). 



Toxidermitis (toks-e-dur-mi' -tis). See Toxicoderma 

 (Illus. Diet.). 



Toximucin (toks-e-mu'-sin). See Toxomucin. 



Toxin [roSuiov, poison]. I. Any poisonous nitrogen- 

 ous compound produced by animal or vegetable cells. 

 2. Any poisonous substance, proteid in nature, pro- 

 duced by animal or vegetable cells by immunization 

 with which specific antitoxins may be obtained , also 

 called toxalbumin. The true nature of the latter is 

 unknown ; although most of them give the reactions 

 of albumoses or other proteid bodies, they have never 

 been isolated in a free state. They are uncrystalliza- 

 ble, are soluble in water, are dialyzable, and are 

 destroyed by heat. Some of them behave as if they 

 were of a ferment or enzyme nature. T., Animal, 

 one produced by the metabolic activity of animal cells, 

 as snake-venom. T., Bacterial, one produced by the 

 metabolic activity of bacteria, as diphtheria toxin. 

 T., Extracellular, a bacterial toxin elaborated by a 

 microorganism and thrown off into the surrounding 

 medium. The majority of the best-known toxins are 

 extracellular. T., Intracellular, a bacterial toxin 

 contained in the bodies of the bacteria themselves. 

 T.s, Ponogenic, toxins such as are characteristic of 

 nerve-tissue waste. T.-unit, consists of two parts, a 

 haptophore complex which unites it with the cell re- 

 ceptor (or lateral chain 1 and the toxophore complex 

 which is the poisonous element. T., Vegetable. 1. 

 Any toxin produced by vegetable cells. 2. Specifi- 

 cally, one produced by higher plants, as ricin (pro- 

 duced by the castor-oil plant), abrin (produced by the 

 jequirity plant). 



