CLASS I. MAMMALIA: ORDER l. BIMANA. 49 



The general results to which the new school of naturalists has arrived on this subject, arc 

 thus stated : 



1. That the surface of our globe is naturally divided into several zoological provinces, each of 

 which is a distinct center of creation, possessing a peculiar fauna and flora, and that every species 

 of animal and plant was originally assigned to its appropriate province. 



2. That the human family offers no exception to the general rule, but fully conforms to it — 

 mankind being divided into several groups of races, each of which constitutes a primitive element 

 in the fauna of its peculiar province. 



3. That history affords no evidence of the transformation of one type into another, nor of the 

 origination of a new and permanent type. 



4. That certain types have been permanent through all recorded time, and despite moral and 

 phvsical influences. 



5. That permanence of type is accepted by science as the surest test of specific character. 



6. That certain types have existed, the same as now, in and around the valley of the Nile, from 

 ages anterior to 3500 years before Christ,, and consequently long prior to any alphabetic chroni- 

 cles, sacred or profane. 



7. That the ancient Egyptians had already classified mankind, as known to them, into four 

 races, previously to any date assignable to Moses. 



8. That high antiquity for distinct races is amply sustained by linguistic researches, by psycho- 

 logical history, and by anatomical characteristics. 



9. That the primeval existence of man, in widely separate portions of the globe, is proven by 

 the discovery of his osseous and industrial remains in alluvial deposits and in alluvial drifts, and 

 more especially of his fossil bones, imbedded in various rocky strata along with the vestiges of ex- 

 tinct species of animals. 



10. That prolificacy of distinct species, inter se, is now proved to be no test of common 

 origin. 



11. That those races of men most separated in physical organization, such as the blacks and. 

 the whites, do not amalgamate perfectly, but obey the laws of hybridity. Hence, 



12. It follows, as a corollary, that there exists a Genus Homo, embracing many primordial tvpes. 

 or " species."* 



Having thus briefly stated the arguments upon which the two theories rest, we have but to add, 

 that we remain in the belief of the unity of the great human family. Notwithstanding the diver- 

 sities which they present, they are still united in having essentially the same organization ; the same 

 capacity for language and indefinite improvement ; in all there is an evident design that the intel- 

 lectual and moral shall predominate over and control the physical nature ; among them all there is 

 a capacity for the mingling of blood and the pervading bonds of brotherhood ; in all there is a 

 general belief in the immortality of the soul and a state of future rewards and punishments. As 

 mankind agree in so many points, we believe them to be of one race, one blood, one species, one 

 destiny. 



CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIOUS RACES OF MANKIND. 



Althoagh we have conceived it necessary, in our sketch of zoological science, to state these 

 views, and to admit that they are worthy of grave consideration, yet, as we have said, the weight 

 of opinion and authority is in favor of the unity of the human family. Assuming this, however, 

 there are still great diversities in the several races. These have been variously classified by differ- 

 ent authors; but it must be remembered that the divisions and subdivisions which arc thus em- 

 ployed, do not resemble, those which are used in the systematic classification of plants and animals. 

 V\ hen the whole of the species of the vegetable or the animal kingdom are to be arranged,, we 

 divide them into various primary and subordinate groups, which are called divisions, classes, orders, 

 genera, species, and varieties. Now man himself is but a species ; he belongs to a subordinate 

 group ot a large division of the animal kingdom. Zoologically considered, man is an animal be- 



* See "Types of Mankind," p. 405. 

 Vol. I. — 7 



