GRAPE PRUNING AND TRAINING 



325 



These canes are to become permanent arms, doing service 

 for several years. The shoots that develop from buds on 

 these canes the present year are cut back to two buds 

 in fall or winter. Two shoots are allowed to grow from 

 each of these spurs and tied to the upper wires. 



In the fall the cane developed from the upper bud of 

 the spur is cut entirely away, and the other cane cut to 

 two buds as before. Then at the beginning of the next 

 season there are, as in the previous year, two shoots 



springing from 

 a spur on a per- 

 manent arm. 

 The spurs will 

 lengthen fast 

 and become 

 crooked, hence 

 it is the best 

 practice to cut 

 them away en- 

 tirely every -few 

 years and grow 

 others from 

 shoots that 

 arise from the 

 arms. The spurs may be distributed from 5 to 20 inches 

 apart on the arms. 



235. The spur renewal or Chautauqua system is a modi- 

 fication of the horizontal arm spur system just described. 

 Permanent arms are used to support the canes, which 

 are tied yearly to a two or three-wire trellis. These canes 

 may be tied obliquely or perpendicularly. If two wires 

 are used, they are usually 34 inches apart, if three, about 

 20 inches apart. The canes for tying up the following 

 year either develop directly from the old wood of the 

 arms, from spurs on the arms, or from the base buds 

 of the past season's canes. This system has a strong 

 hold upon the vineyardists of Chautauqua County, New 



FIG. 276 VINE IN 

 ACCORDING TO 

 NEWAL SYSTEM. 



ITS FOURTH YEAR. PRUNED 

 HORIZONTAL-ARM SPUR RE- 



