GRAPE PRUNING AND TRAINING 351 



3. Varieties which usually require short pruning. Aleatico, Ali- 

 gote, Aspiran, Bakator, Bouschets, Blaue Elbe, Beba, Bonarda, Bar- 

 barossa, Catarattu, Charbono, Chasselas, Freisa, Frontignan, Fur- 

 mint, Grand Noir, Grosseblaue, Green Hungarian Malmsey, Mantuo, 

 Monica, Mission, Moscatello Fino, Mourisco Branco, Mourisco Preto, 

 Negro Amaro, Palomino, Pedro Zumbon, Perruno, Pizzutello di 

 Roma, Black Prince, West's White Prolific, Quagliano, Rodites, 

 Rozaki, Tinta Amarella, Vernaccia Bianca, Vernaccia Sarda. 



4. Varieties which require short pruning under all conditions. 

 Aramon, Burger Chardonay, Chauche Gris and Noir, Colombar, 

 Crabbe's Black Burgundy, Durif, Black Morocco, Mourastel, Muscat 

 of Alexander, Napoleon, Picpoule Blanc and Noir, Flame Tokay, 

 Ugni Blanc, Verdal, Zinfandel. 



5. Varieties of table grapes which usually require half-long or 

 cordon pruning. Almeria (Ohanez), Bellino, Bermestia Bianca and 

 Violacea, Cipro Nero, Dattier de Beirut, Cornichon, Emperor, Black 

 Ferrara, Malaga, Olivette de Cadenet, Pis-de-Chevre Blanc, Schirad- 

 zouli, Zabalkanski. 



These lists must not be taken as indicating absolutely for all 

 cases how these varieties are to be pruned. They simply indicate 

 natural tendencies. Certain methods and conditions tend to make 

 vines more fruitful. Where these occur, shorter pruning than is 

 indicated may be advisable. On the other hand, other methods and 

 conditions tend to make the vines vigorous at the expense of fruit- 

 fulness. Where these occur, longer pruning may be advisable. 



The more usual factors which tend toward fruitfulness are : 

 Grafting on resistant vines, especially on certain varieties such as 

 those of Riparia and Berlandieri ; old age of the vines ; mechanical 

 or other injuries to any part of the vine; large development of the 

 trunk, as in the cordon systems. The more usual factors which tend 

 toward 'vigor at the expense of fruitfulness are : Rich soil, especially 

 large amounts of humus and nitrogen; youth of the vines; excessive 

 irrigation or rainfall (within limits). 



In deciding what system of pruning to adopt, all these factors, 

 together with the nature of the vine and the uses to which the fruit 

 is to be put, must be considered. It is best when the vineyard is 

 started to err on the side of short pruning. While this may diminish 

 slightly the first one or two crops, the vines will gain in vigor and 

 the loss will be made up in subsequent crops. If the style of pruning 

 adopted results in excessive vigor of the vines, it should be gradually 

 changed in the direction of longer pruning with the object of utiliz- 

 ing this vigor in the production of crop. This change should be 

 gradual, or the risk will be run of injuring the vitality of the vines 

 by one or two excessively heavy crops. 



Finally, each year the condition of the individual vine should de- 

 termine the kind of pruning to be adopted. If the vine appears 

 weak, from whatever cause, it should be pruned shorter or given 

 less spurs or fruit canes than the year before. On the contrary, if 



