128 COUES, 



c. Acting upon carpo-metacarpus, from humerus or forearm. 



d. Acting upon digits. 



a'. From humerus or forearm, 

 b'. From carpo-metacarpus. 



IX. MUSCLES CONNECTING THE PELVIS WITH THE BODY. 

 X. MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR EXTREMITY. 



a. Acting upon the femur. 



a'. From the body; "long." 

 b'. From the pelvis ; " short." 



b. Acting upon the leg. 



a'. From the body; "long." 

 b'. From the pelvis ; "long." 

 c'. From the femur; "short." 



c. Acting upon the tarso-metatarsus from femur or leg. 



d. Acting upon the digits. 



a'. From femur or leg. 



b'. From tarso-metatarsus. 



The intrinsic muscles of special organs belong rather to a treatise 

 upon those organs than to one upon the general muscular system, and 

 are not included in the present memoir. 



I. CUTANEOUS MUSCLES. 



The animal may be said to be tied up in a fleshy sack, with six prin- 

 cipal openings for the head, tail, and four limbs. This muscular tunic 

 is remarkable not only for its great extent, but for its thickness in 

 most parts, the various directions of its fibres, and the number and 

 diversity of its accessory slips and their attachments. It is every- 

 where intimately adherent to the skin ; so closely, that in fact it is dif- 

 ficult or impossible to dissect it cleanly from the integument. On the 

 other hand, its connection with the body is correspondingly loose, 

 through the medium of copious areolar tissue especially lax and abun- 

 dant over the back, chest and sides, dwindling over the episternum and 

 front of the neck, and giving out on the limbs. Practically it will be 

 found best to raise the panuiculus with the skin in large, well defined 

 flaps (taking care to note its several definite bony attachments), 

 clear off the cellular tissue, and study it from the inner side. It will 

 be found to descend upon the' limbs nearly to the wrists and ankles, 

 where it is drawn tight, like the wristband of a sleeve. The muscle 

 may be further described in detail as follows : 



Panniculus carnosus. It begins behind by a pointed extremity on 

 either side of the tail near its base, made up by several (about four) 

 fleshy digitations arising from as many transverse processes of coc- 

 cygeal vertebra? the first or anterior digitations being opposite the 

 great caudo-tibial muscle. The two sides of the muscle soon come 

 together over the back of the tail, there forming a deep reentrant an- 

 gle ; after thus joining, the single plane, at once becoming very thick, 



