30 ZONES OF THE AUSTRAL REGION 



eastward of this meridian the annual rainfall exceeds 25 inches; to the 

 westward, except on the Pacific coast, it is below this amount. 



In the present connection we may restrict our statements concerning 

 the three zones of the Austral Region to their eastern or humid por- 

 tions, which have long been known as the Alleghanian, Carolinian, 

 and Austroriparian or Louisianiaii faunas (see Allen 71). 



The Alleghanian, as will be observed on the map, extends at sea- 

 level only as far south as Long Island, where, in response to conditions 

 which produce scrub oak and pitch pines, it occupies the southern 

 portion of the island, while the Carolinian element is restricted to the 

 more fertile northern shore. 



Crossing northern New Jersey and northeastern Pennsylvania, 

 the Alleghanian fauna extends southwestward along 'the Alleghanies 

 to northern Georgia, appearing at an ever increasing altitude. Thus 

 in western Maryland its lower limit is 1,200-1,300 feet (Preble), in 

 North Carolina 2,500 feet (Brewster), and in Georgia 3,500 feet 

 (Howell). 



The following species are characteristic of the Alleghanian fauna: 

 Virginia Rail, Sora, Bob-white, Mourning Dove, Black-billed and 

 Yellow-billed Cuckoos, Kingbird, Crested Flycatcher, Bobolink, Cow- 

 bird, Meadowlark, Baltimore and Orchard Orioles, Chipping and 

 Field Sparrows, Towhee, Indigo Bunting, Yellow-throated and Blue- 

 headed Vireos, Golden-winged and Pine Warblers, Catbird, Brown 

 Thrasher, House Wren, Long-billed Marsh Wren, White-breasted 

 Nuthatch, Wood Thrush and Wilson's Thrush. 



The Carolinian fauna, or humid division of the Upper Austral 

 zone, reaches the Atlantic seaboard only between Virginia and south- 

 eastern New York. Westward it ascends the Alleghanies to an alti- 

 tude of 1,200 feet in Maryland (Preble), 2,500 feet in North Carolina 

 (Brewster), and 3,500 feet in extreme northeastern Georgia (Howell). 

 At this point it sweeps around the extreme southern extension of the 

 Alleghanian fauna and expands toward the north and west as indi- 

 cated by the map. In the Atlantic States a tinge of the Carolinian fauna 

 is present at least as far east as Saybrook, Connecticut, and as far 

 north as Portland in the Connecticut Valley, and Fishkill in the Hudson 

 Valley. 



Characteristic Carolinian birds are Acadian Flycatcher, Fish Crow, 

 Cardinal, Prothonotary, Worm-eating and Blue-winged Warblers, 

 Louisiana Water-Thrush, Kentucky and Hooded Warblers, Chat, 

 Carolina Wren, and Tufted Titmouse. 



The Austroriparian fauna, or humid division of the Lower Austral 

 zone, as its name implies, occupies the South Atlantic States from 

 the vicinity of Cape Charles, Virginia, to the tropical portions of south- 

 ern Florida, thence westward through the Gulf States and nofth- 

 ward in the Mississippi Valley to southern Illinois and southern Kansas. 

 Among its characteristic birds are the Water-Turkey, Louisiana Heron, 

 Black Vulture, Ground Dove, Carolina Paroquet (now extinct in this 



