156 GULLS 



are said to be pure white.) L., 28*00; W., 17' 10; B., 2'35; depth of B. at 

 projection on the lower mandible "75 to I'OO; Tar., 2*60. 



Range. Arctic regions. Breeds from nw. Alaska, Melville Island, and 

 n. Greenland s. to Aleutian Islands, n. Mackenzie, cen. Ungava, and on Arc- 

 tic islands of E. Hemisphere; winters from the Aleutians and Greenland s. 

 to Monterey, Calif., the Great Lakes, and L. I., and casually to Bermuda, 

 N. C., and Tex.; in Europe and Asia s. to the Mediterranean, Black, and 

 Caspian seas, and Japan. 



Long Island, rare, W. V., Jan. 2-May 1. Cambridge, rare W. V., Nov.- 

 Apl. 



Nest, of grasses, moss, etc., on the ground. Eggs, 2-3, varying from pale 

 olive-brown to grayish white, spotted or speckled with shades of chocolate, 

 3*10 x 2'20. Date, Cumberland Sound, June 8. 



Mr. Chamberlain remarks that this species combines "with some 

 gull-like traits many of the coarse characteristics of both Falcon and 

 Vulture." 



"Some observers have reported that flocks are at times very noisy, 

 particularly when settling for the night; but those I have met with in 

 winter have been rather silent. Their cry is harsh and at times very 

 loud; it sounds something like the syllables kuk-lak. I have seen it 

 written cut-leek." 



43. Larus leucopterus Fdber. ICELAND GDLL. Resembles the pre- 

 ceding but is much smaller; specimens in Juvenal plumage more frequently 

 have white or brownish shafts un tinged with yellow, as in hyperboreus ; others 

 are mottled with black rather than brownish (Dwight, Auk, 1906, 34). W., 

 15'40-16'50; B., 1'65-1-QO; depth of B. at projection on the lower mandi- 

 ble, -60-70; Tar., 2'05-2'20 (B., B., and R.). 



Range. Arctic regions. Breeds from Victoria Land (Cambridge Bay) 

 and Boothia Peninsula to cen. Greenland and e. to Nova Zembla; winters 

 from s. Greenland s. to L. I.; casual on the Great Lakes; accidental in Nebr. 

 and Md.; in Europe s. to the British Isles, Scandinavia, and Baltic Sea. 



Long Island, very rare W. V. Cambridge, rare W. V. N. Ohio, casual 

 on Lake Erie in winter. 



Nest, of grasses, moss, etc., on the ground. Eggs, 2-3, clay-color with 

 numerous chocolate markings, 2 79 x 1*89. Date, Julianshaab, Greenland, 

 June 1. 



"It is not particularly difficult for the trained observer to dis- 

 tinguish the White- winged Gulls in the field from the Herring Gull; 

 but as between L. hyperboreus and L. leucopterus a positive identification 

 is not so easy. . . . One soon gets to recognize the white-winged 

 species flying, even at a considerable distance, and the smaller size 

 of the Iceland Gull is seen perhaps more distinctly on the wing than 

 when the bird is sitting. The bill, when it can be seen, is an excellent 

 field-mark, the Iceland Gull's like that of Kumlien's Gull, being much 

 smaller in proportion. . . ." (Allen, F. H., Auk, 1908, p. 300, status 

 near Boston.) 



45. Larus kumlieni Brewst. KUMLIEN'S GULL. Very similar in general 

 color to the two preceding species, but differs from them in the color of 

 the primaries. These, instead of being uniformly pure white or but lightly 

 tinted with gray, are marked with sharply denned spaces of ashy gray. The 

 first primary is tipped with white and marked with ashy gray on the outer 

 web and shaft part of the inner web; the second primary is ashy gray on only 



