370 FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. 



b 1 . Tips of mandibles crossed. 



522. WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL (d" ad.). 



6 2 . Bill stout; mandibles not crossed. 515. PINE GROSBEAK (& ad.). 

 2. Wing-coverts not tipped with white. 



a. Throat black or blackish; wings and tail red; body red or olive. 



593. CARDINAL. 



b. Throat and more or less of underparts red or greenish red. 



6 1 . Plumage blood-red, brownish red, or greenish red; tips of the 



mandibles crossed 521. AM. CROSSBILL <f. 



6 2 . Plumage dull reddish; belly whitish ; back indistinctly streaked, 



with bristly feathers over the nostrils. 



517. PURPLE FINCH (cT ad.). 



6 3 . Head blue; back green; rump red. 



601. PAINTED BUNTING (d 1 ad.). 



II. Underparts with no red and without distinct streaks; throat or 

 breast sometimes with a patch or spot. 



1. Tail with white spots, bars, or patches. 



A. Back plain, without streaks. 



a. Throat and breast black, brown, or slate-color, sharply denned 



from the white belly. 



a 1 . Breast black or brown; sides rufous . . . 587. TOWHEE. 

 a 2 . Breast slate-color; sides the same, or brownish. 



567. JUNCO. 567e. CAROLINA JUNCO. 

 6. Throat and breast not black or brown. 



b 1 . Throat and belly more or less yellow or ashy. 



6 2 . Wing over 4'00; bill stout, greenish yellow. 



514. EVENING GROSBEAK. 



6 3 . Bill small and sharp; back brown; throat yellowish. 



529. GOLDFINCH (9 and im.). 



6 4 . Body bright yellow, cap black . 529. GOLDFINCH (<? ad.). 

 c 1 . Underparts pure white, middle of back black. 



534. SNOWFLAKE. 



B. Back streaked with black, brown, or white. 



a. Bend of the wing yellow; tail under 2'20. 



546. GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. 



b. Breast black or blackish; lesser wing-coverts reddish brown. 



539. McCowN's LONGSPUR cf. 



c. Breast buffy; belly whitish; outer tail-feathers white, next three 



or four more or less white with a black band at the end ; seconda- 

 ries not entirely white . . . 539. McCowN's LONGSPUR p. 



d. Underparts entirely light brown or buffy, only two outer tail- 



feathers white; no yellow on the bend of the wing. 



537. SMITH'S LONGSPUR. 



e. Underparts pure white, with a blackish spot on the center of the 



breast, a black stripe on the sides of the throat; sides of the 



crown and ear-coverts chestnut . . 552. LARK SPARROW. 



/. Wing slightly over 4*00; underparts pure white or washed with 



rusty; head and rump white or rusty; most of secondaries white. 



534. SNOWFLAKE. 



2. Tail without large white spots or patches. 

 A. Back plain, without distinct streaks. 



a. Back blue, bluish or brownish blue. 



a 1 . Wing over 3*00- lesser wing-coverts chestnut or with broad 



chestnut tips 597. BLUE GROSBEAK. 



a 2 . Wing under 3*00; lesser wing-coverts blue or bluish, tipped 



with light brown 598. INDIGO BUNTING. 



6. Back not blue. 



b 1 . Back green or greenish, or rump yellow or greenish yellow. 

 6 2 . Mandibles not crossed. 



6 3 . Back greenish 601. PAINTED BUNTING 9. 



