GRAZING RESOURCES AND THEIR UTILIZATION 59 



cattle allotments are individual; that is, each permittee is 

 allotted a piece of winter range as near his home ranch as 

 possible, so as to enable him to look after his stock during 

 the dangerous winter months, and develop his range to the 

 best advantage, and so that he may eliminate to a large ex- 

 tent any loss by sliding, by fencing off the slopes where loss 

 by such accident is liable to occur. By having his stock con- 

 fined to an area near the home ranch during the winter months, 

 it is a simple matter for him to collect the animals and feed 

 them hay or other forage crops raised on the ranch, should 

 occasion demand. 



The amount of winter range being inadequate in propor- 

 tion to the summer range, it is necessary that a large part 

 of the stock grazing the summer ranges be driven to the 

 ranches in the valley and surrounding foothills to be fed dur- 

 ing the winter. 



To illustrate some points of management and utilization and 

 some of the results obtained for Forest Service administra- 

 tion, there is inserted here what Ranger Winniford has writ- 

 ten about the Snake River Live Stock Association. 



"A particularly good example of the beneficial results of 

 stockmen working under the Forest Service administration, 

 is on the Snake River range. Formerly there was very great 

 uncertainty in the livestock industry on this range, regarding 

 both summer and winter feed, and the effect was almost as 

 bad on one range as on the other. This condition was due 

 to two causes: first, the use of the winter range during sum- 

 mer. There were few, if any, drift fences, and the cattle were 

 left on the range in the spring until they drifted back up 

 the mountain side on to the summer range. There was very 

 little incentive for a man to drive his stock out on the summer 

 range, for his neighbors might object to the added expense and 

 labor of keeping his stock on the mountain, or he might fear 

 too great a loss, so that he would keep them around his ranch 

 all summer,and let them drift back and forth over and ruin 

 the range which should have been saved for winter. Fencing 

 on the public domain was not allowed by law, and was there- 

 fore not resorted to. The range was therefore used just as it 

 happened, without regard to when it was ready to use, or 



