THE FLORA OF LAKE VERMILLION, MINNESOTA 41 



dew berry (R. canadensis), rose (Rosa blanda), sumach (Rhus glabra), 

 poison ivy (R. toxicodendron), bitter sweet (Celastrus scandens), Moun- 

 tain maple (Acer spicatum), and Buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia) along 

 the river courses. Virginia Creeper (Psedera quinquefolia) , Dwarf 

 cornel (Cornus canadensis), round leaved cornel (C. circinata), and 

 red osier (Cornus stolonifera) . The following occur in the Muskeg or 

 on the borders of the same; Labrador Tea (Ledum groenlandicum) , 

 pale laurel (Kalmia polifolia), Bog Rosemary (Andromeda polifolia), 

 Leather leaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata), and Cranberry (Vaccinium 

 macro carpum). The following in pine forests; Wintergreen (Gaul- 

 theria procumbeus), Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), Creeping 

 snowberry (Chiogenes hispidula), usually in swamps, Blueberry (Vac- 

 cinium pennsylvanicum), Bush honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera), 

 American fly honeysuckle (Lonicera canadensis), Swamp fly honey- 

 suckle (L. oblongifolia) , and Twin-flower (Linnaea borealis). 



The table on the next page gives the percentage population of trees in 

 the vicinity of Fabin's cottage and Birch Point, as well as the plant 

 population in the vicinity of Tower and Sudan. 



The associated shrubs and trees in the above areas are given in 

 percentages. The mountain maple and dogwood are not always men- 

 tioned. A study of the table will show the different types of associated 

 plants and the abundance of the same. The Muskeg swamp contains 

 Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Betula pumila, and Alnus incana, the 

 latter on the border. The following shrubby plants occur; Camae- 

 daptine, Andromeda polifolia, Vaccinium macrocarpon. Such plants as 

 Sarracenia purpurea, Carex filiforme and Spiranthes. Sphagnum occurs 

 scattered over the Muskeg. 



The more important plants growing with the balsam fir, white pine, 

 paper birch and quaking aspen are the following: Bush honeysuckle 

 (Diervilla lonicera) with pale yellow flowers, the dwarf cornel (Cornus 

 canadensis) with its bright red fruit, and the mountain maple (Acer 

 spicatum) characteristic of all of the upland woods. The Clintonia (C. 

 borealis) with its blue fruit early in August was conspicuous. In all 

 of the recent clearings great quantifies of Aster corymbosus were pres- 

 ent The trailing twin flower (Linnaea borealis), Smilacina bifolia, 

 Rubus idaeus var aculeatissimus, Lycopodium lucidulum and Pyrola 

 secunda were common everywhere in the woods. The dogwood 

 (Cornus circinata) on the shores of the lake and the red dogwood (C. 

 stolonifera) in tamarack and spruce swamps. In a stage beyond the 

 Muskeg one finds pools of water standing. These swamps contain the 

 black ash, alder, balsam fir, Alisma plantago var americana, Cicuta 

 maculata, Glyceria canadensis, Calamagrostis canadensis, wild calla 

 (Calla palustris), and the swamp fly honeysuckle (Lonicera oblongi- 

 folia). In the upland woods the following species are common: the 

 Currant (Ribes triste), Black currant (R. prostratum), Bishop's cap 

 (Mitella nuda), Marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), Beech fern (Phegop- 

 teris dryopteris), Sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), Willow (Salix 

 rostrata), Alder (Alnus incana), Hydrocotyle americana, Geranium 

 robertianum, Campanula aparinoides, Lycopus americanus, Mentha 

 canadensis, Pteris aquilina, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Lathyrus ochro- 

 leucus, Rattlesnake plantain (Epipactis pubescens), Bottle grass (As- 

 prella hystrix), Uvularia grandiflora, Smilacina racemosa, Poison ivy 

 (Rhus toxicodendron), Bitter Sweet (Celastrus scandens) and Virginia 

 creeper (Psedra quinquefolia). On the beaches the following plants 

 are common: Sumach (Rhus glabra), Hair grass (Agrostis scabra), 

 Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana), Rose (Rosa blanda), Columbine 

 (Aquilegia canadensis), Red ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) , occasionally 

 Dogwood (Cornus stolonifera), and (Aspidium spinulosum) in woods 

 back from beach. 



