ANURA CHAP. 



Giinther, 1858, "Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia." No progress was 

 made by his scheme, which relied upon the tongue and digits. 

 Aglossa with Myobatrachus. 



Opisthoglossa. a. Oxydactyla. 6. Platydactyla. 

 Proteroglossa : Rhinophrynidae. 



Cope, 1864. "On the limits and relations of the Raniformes." l He 

 introduces the shoulder-girdle and the sacral diapophyses, and drops 

 the discs as too adaptive and misleading. He distinguishes between 

 RANIFORMES and ARCIFERI. 

 Cope, 1865. "Sketch of the primary groups of the Batrachia Salientia." 2 



Aglossa. 

 . Bufoniformia (Bufonidae). 



Arcifera (Discoglossidae, Scaphiopodidae, and Hylidae). 

 Raniformia. 

 In 1867 Cope separates the genus Hemisus as Gastrechmia on account of its 



peculiar pectoral arch. 3 



In 1875, "Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia," Cope 

 elaborates his system : 



Class Batrachia. Order Anura, 



1. Raniformia. 



2. Firmisternia. [Dendrobatinae and Engystomatidae.] 



3. Gastrechmia : Hemisus. 



4. Bufoniformia. [Bufonidae.] 



5. Aglossa. Pipa. 



6. Odontaglossa. Xenopus. 



7. Arcifera. [Cystignathidae, Hylidae, Pelobatidae and Disco- 



Cope consequently considered the characters of the pectoral arch as equi- 

 valent to those of the dentition. 



Boulenger, 1882, "Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia s. Ecaudata," 

 recognises that the pectoral arch is of greater systematic value than the 

 dentition. The latter is used, together with the shape of the sacral 

 diapophyses, for the separation into families. 



, 1. Ranidae. 



I 2. Dendrobatidae. 



I. Phaneroglossa. A. Firmisternia. 



B. Arcifera. 



j 3. Engystomatidae. 



^ 4. Dyscophidae. 



5. Cystignathidae. 



6. Dendrophryniscidae. 



7. Bufonidae. 



8. Hylidae. 



9. Pelobatidae. 



1 0. Discoglossidae. 



11. Hemiphractidae. 



12. Amphignathodontidae. 

 (13. Dactylethridae. 



1 14. Pipidae. 



1 Proc. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 181. 



2 The Natural History Review, No. xvii. 1865, p. 97. 



3 Journ. Ac. Nat. Hist. Philad. vi. p. 189. 



