INDEX 



Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich, his 

 discovery of the function of the 

 pancreas, 347. 



Pasteur, Louis, his services in the 

 cause of organic chemistry, 266, 

 274, 375; refutes Pouchet's theory 

 of spontaneous generation, 320, 

 386 ; his study of fermentation and 

 putrefaction, 375-380 ; his discov- 

 ery and establishment of protective 

 vaccination, 387-390. 



Peirce, Benjamin, disproves Laplace's 

 theory of Saturn's rings, 50. 



Penn, Granville, how he accounted 

 for the fossil discoveries at Kirk- 

 dale, 95. 



Pepsin, its discovery, 347. 



Percussion, its discovery and develop- 

 ment as a method of diagnosing 

 disease, 354-356, 359. 



Perraudin, a chamois-hunter of the 

 Alps, conceives the glacial theory, 

 132-134. 



Perthes, M. Boucher des, his paleo- 

 lithic discoveries at Abbeville, 109. 



Phlogiston, the eighteenth-century 

 theory of, 29-32. 



Photography, experiments in, by Davy 

 and Wedgwood, 2 ; its services in 

 spectrum analysis, 284-286 ; per- 

 fected by Daguerre and Draper, 

 284, 285. 



Phrenology, origin of the system, 

 399. 



Physics, advances made in the science 

 during the eighteenth century, 23- 

 29 ; controversy over the nature of 

 the " imponderables," 24-27 ; dis- 

 covery of the galvanic battery and 

 its far-reaching results, 27-29; 

 progress made in the science dur- 

 ing the nineteenth century, 192 

 229; study of light and colors, and 

 the establishment of the undula- 

 tory theory, 192-204; identity of 

 galvanic and electrical action de- 

 monstrated, 204-206; the link be- 

 tween magnetism and electricity 

 discovered, and the science of mag- 

 neto-electricity founded, 207-209 ; 

 discovery of the law of the conser- 

 vation of energy, 209-221 ; discov- 

 ery of the nature and properties of 



heat, and the establishment of the 

 science of thermo-dynamics, 222- 

 224; Helmholtz's electro-magnetic 

 theory of light, 227, 228 ; displace- 

 ment of the imponderables in favor 

 of an all-pervading ether, 228, 229; 

 some unsolved problems, 443-449. 



Physiology, its eighteenth - century 

 triumphs, 39-41 ; discoveries in 

 brain physiology, 417-423. See 

 Anatomy and physiology; Medical 

 science. 



Piazzi, Giuseppe, his discovery of 

 Ceres, 44. 



Pickering, Edward Charles, his spec- 

 troscopic researches, 70, 73. 



Pinel, Philippe, his anatomical inves- 

 tigations, 324; inaugurates in 

 France a reform in the treatment 

 of the insane, 395399 ; opposes 

 the system of phrenology, 400. 



PitJiecanthropus erectus, the ape-man 

 fossil from the island of Java, 120. 



Playfair, John, his advocacy of the 

 Huttonian theory of the earth, 123, 

 126. 



Pleiades, the, facts concerning, 64, 

 80. 



Plutonists, theory of the, 123-125. 



Poisson, Simeon Denis, discovers the 

 cause of the atmospheric circula- 

 tion, 184; opposes the undulatory 

 theory of light, 203. 



Pouchet, M. F. A., his theory of 

 " spontaneous generation," 320. 



Prestwich, Joseph, investigates the 

 Abbeville find and makes report 

 thereon, 109. 



Priestley, Joseph, his discovery of 

 oxygen, 31 ; his inexplicable oppo- 

 sition to the doctrines of Lavoisier, 

 34, 35 ; his experiments on respi- 

 ration, 40. 



Protoplasm, its discovery by Molil 

 and Dujardin, 338-340. 



Proust, Louis Joseph, his theory of 

 the combination of chemical ele- 

 ments, 255, 256. 



Front, William, his theory of the 

 compound nature of the so-called 

 elements, 278-287 ; his discovery 

 of hydrochloric acid in the gastric 

 juice, 347. 



471 



