RUMINANTIA 151 



carpal ligament. It is pierced by the perforating pedal artery 

 and vein, and inferiorly is continuous with the check ligament. 

 The great interosseous ligament unites the calcaneum and 

 astragalus to the cuboid and cuneiforme magnum, occupying the 

 internal space formed by these bones. 



Annular Ligaments. The posterior of these closes in the 

 tarsal groove, completing the sheath for the deep flexor tendon ; 

 hence it passes from the tuberosity and posterior border of the 

 calcaneum to the internal ridge of the same bone, and is reflected 

 as far down as the inner metatarsal bone. It is strengthened 

 by a strong band which arises almost with the calcaueo-cuboid 

 ligament. The anterior annular ligament presents three well- 

 marked portions ; they are strong and more or less flattened 

 bands, an inferior one passing across from the proximal end of the 

 outer to that of the inner metatarsal bone, a middle one attached 

 to the cuboid bone and flexor metatarsi tendon, and a superior 

 crossing the distal end of the tibia obliquely outwards and down- 

 wards. The three portions of this ligament bind down the 

 tendons playing over the tarsus anteriorly. 



There are at least three synomal membranes, one between the 

 astragalus and tibia, another between the rows of bones, and one 

 also between the lower row and the metatarsus, which sends a 

 branch upwards between the calcaneum and astragalus. 



The motion in the tarsal joint is in effect limited to flexion 

 and extension, and the joint may therefore be regarded as a gingly- 

 mus. 



The tarsal check ligament will be described with the muscles. 

 The metatarsal, metatarso-phalangeal, and interphalangeal joints 

 are like those of the anterior limb. 



COMPARATIVE ARTHROLOGY. 

 RUMINANTIA, 



AXIAL SKELETON. 



!>' the ox, the dorso-lumbar supraspinous ligament is composed of yellow 

 elastic tissue, and anteriorly is expanded, and attached to the sides rather than 

 to the summits of the neural spines. The inferior common ligament is very 

 strong, and the intervertebral discs thicker than those of the horse ; the ligamen- 

 tum nuchce is also stronger, as the weight it has to bear is greater. The sternal 



