Toxic AND ANTITOXIC EFFECTS OF IONS 727 



sodium-chloride solution necessarily originate from the posi- 

 tively charged ions. Besides the electrical charge other fac- 

 tors may have to be considered in the toxicity of ions for the 

 determination of which physical chemistry and physics must 

 first furnish us the data. In this category belongs, for 

 example, the fact that the toxic effects of the sodium salts 

 of the halogens upon fish eggs (perhaps upon protoplasm in 

 general) increase in the following order: NaCl, NaBr, Nal, 

 NaF. In addition we find that the bivalent anions are in 

 general more poisonous than the monovalent, and the triv- 

 alent more poisonous than either. The same also holds true 

 to a certain extent for the poisonous effects of kations. 



In order to make the bulk of this paper no greater than 

 it is already, I shall discuss my experiments on the toxic 

 effects of ions no further at this point. 



