8 THE SHAKESPEARE GARDEN 



and wormwood." And then Neckan goes on to the 

 fruit-trees and medicinal plants. The gardener's 

 tools at this time were merely a knife for grafting, 

 an ax, a pruning-hook, and a spade. A hundred 

 years later the gardens of France and England were 

 still about the same. When John de Garlande (an 

 appropriate name for an amateur horticulturist) was 

 studying at the University of Paris (Thirteenth Cen- 

 tury) he had a garden, which he described in his 

 "Dictionarus," quaintly speaking of himself in the 

 third person: "In Master John's garden are these 

 plants: sage, parsley, dittany, hyssop, celandine, 

 fennel, pellitory, the rose, the lily, the violet; and 

 at the side (in the hedge), the nettle, the thistle 

 and foxgloves. His garden also contains medicinal 

 herbs, namely, mercury and the mallows, agrimony 

 with nightshade and the marigold." Master John 

 had also a special garden for pot-herbs and "other 

 herbs good for men's bodies," i.e., medicinal herbs, 

 and a fruit garden, or orchard, of cherries, pears, 

 nuts, apples, quinces, figs, plums, and grapes. About 

 the same time Guillaume de Lorris wrote his 

 "Roman de la Rose"; and in this famous work of 

 the Thirteenth Century there is a most beautiful de- 

 scription of the garden of the period. UAmant (the 

 Lover) while strolling on the banks of a river dis- 



