46 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 



a 4-point barb hog-wire; 3 inches higher a 34-inch Elwood lawn-fence with 4-inch 

 triangular mesh ; 5 inches above the woven wire a plain barbed wire ; G inches higher 

 a second barbed wire ; and 8 inches above this a third barbed wire. 



Great care should be taken in making the bottom of the fence tight. If properly 

 done there will be no trouble from coyotes, and practically no repair-work will be 

 needed until the bottom wire rusts out. If half-done there will be continual annoy- 

 ance. The fence should be well braced. Such a fence will be likely to cost at least 

 $500 per mile, including construction. 



The advantages of fencing the range may be summarized as follows: (1) 

 Increased carrying capacity of 50 per cent, over the customary herding system ; 

 (2) heavier sheep; (3) decrease from 3 per cent, to % of 1 per cent, in the loss at 

 least; (4) less expense for handling; (5) increase in the lamb-crop; (6) heavier and 

 cleaner wool-crop. 



DISEASES OF SHEEP. 



The sheep more than any other domestic animal suffers from internal parasites. 

 If these can be avoided there will be little disease in a flock. Two parasites invade 

 the lungs, two the stomach, six the intestines, one the liver, and two affect the brain. 



Gid, Turnsick, or Sturdy. This disease is caused by a form of young tapeworm 

 which in its adult stage is found in the dog or wolf species. The sheep affected are 

 seen to have a nervous twitching of the head, an unnatural elevation and tossing of 

 the head to one side, running or crushing against fences or obstacles, or moving in 

 a circle. In advanced cases the sheep falls over with head thrown back and struggles 

 until it dies. 



No treatment is successful. It is best to kill the sheep in the early stages of 

 the disease when the carcass is fit for human food. The cyst of the tapeworm lodges 

 near the brain and the pressure thereon causes the death of the sheep. When this 

 cyst is swallowed by a dog or coyote (supposing the brain is thrown away), the 

 tapeworm grows to maturity in the animal, and it gives off eggs which may be eaten 

 by sheep when grazing and cause this disease. 



Sheep-dogs should be cured of tapworm by fasting twelve hours and then dosing 

 with 1 dram of extract of male shield fern in a small amount of milk, followed in 

 two hours by 1 oz. of castor-oil. No solid food should be given until the tapeworm 

 is expelled. Segments of the tapeworm in the dung are a sign of infection. 



Tapeworms, Round-worms, and Stomach -icorms. Sheep have tapeworms which 

 inhabit the intestines. Sheep with tapeworm have an abnormal appetite, accom- 

 panied by general weakness and debility, loss of flesh, and paleness of skin and 

 mucous membranes. Round-worms in the intestines cause similar symptoms, one 

 species causing nodules on the walls of the intestine, known as nodular disease or 

 " knotty-gut." Lambs pick up the eggs and are affected by grazing after their 

 mothers, in which case frequent change of pasture is a preventive. Blue vitriol or 

 copper sulphate dissolved in water is a good remedy for worms. Stomach-worms 

 cause more deaths than the other species. The twisted stomach-worm invades the 

 fourth stomach, and resembles a barber's pole somewhat. The symptoms and treat- 

 ment are the same. 



Bluestone Solution for Worms. Dissolve 2 oz. of bluestone in a gallon of boiling 

 water. The doses are as follows: Lambs, 3 months, 1 oz. of solution; lambs, G 

 months, iy 2 oz. of solution; sheep. 1 year, 2^ oz. of solution; sheep, 1% years, 3 oz. 

 of solution ; sheep, 2 years. S 1 /^ oz. of solution. 



Lung-worms, Hoose, or Husk. This disease is caused by small worms in the air- 

 passages or lungs. The sheep has a low, husky cough. Calves and pigs have the 

 same disease. Lambs get infected by grazing on infected pastures, especially on low 

 land. One to four teaspoonfuls of turpentine, or the breathing of the fumes of 

 burning sulphur as thick as a person can stand, are the remedies. 



Grub in the Head. In midsummer the sheep gadfly harasses the flock, and if 

 possible deposits its living grubs inside the sheep's nostrils. These crawl up and 

 attach themselves to the membrane of the passage leading to the nostrils, causing a 



