VOL. XLII.] PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. 5Q3 



satellites with reflecting and refracting telescopes : but the metals and glasses, 

 by the time he could fix them to the object, were covered a quarter of an inch 

 thick, with ice, which rendered the object indistinct, so that it is not without 

 great difficulties that any observations can be taken. 



Bottles of strong beer, brandy, strong brine, spirits of wine, set out in the 

 open air for 3 or 4 hours, freeze to solid ice. He tried to get the sun's refrac- 

 tion to every degree above the horizon, with Elton's quadrant, but to no pur- 

 pose, for the spirits froze almost as soon as brought into open air. 



The frost is never out of the ground; how deep cannot be certain. They 

 have dug down 10 or 12 feet, and found the earth hard frozen in the 2 summer 

 months; and what moisture is found, 5 or 6 feet down, is white like ice. The 

 waters or rivers near the sea, where the current of the tide flows strong, do not 

 freeze above 9 or 10 feet deep. 



All the water used for cooking, brewing, &c. is melted snow and ice ; no 

 spring is yet found free from freezing, though dug ever so deep down. All 

 waters inland are frozen fast by the beginning of October, and continue so till 

 the middle of May. 



The walls of the house they lived in are of stone, 2 feet thick, the windows 

 very small, with thick wooden shutters, which are close shut 18 hours every 

 day in the winter. There are cellars under the house, where are put the wines, 

 brandy, strong beer, butter, cheese, &c. Four large fires are made in great 

 stoves, built on purpose, every day. As soon as the wood is burnt down to a 

 coal, the tops of the chimneys are close stopped with an iron cover : this keeps 

 the heat within the house, though at the same time the smoke makes their 

 heads ach, and is very offensive and unwholesome ; notwithstanding which, in 

 4 or 5 hours after the fire is out, the inside of the walls of the house and bed- 

 places will be 2 or 3 inches thick with ice, which is every morning cut away 

 with a hatchet. Three or 4 times a day they make iron shot of 24 pounds 

 weight red-hot, and hang them up in the windows of the apartments. Though 

 a good fire be in the room the major part of the 24 hours, yet all this will not 

 preserve the beer, wine, ink, &c. from freezing. 



For a winter dress, they make use of 3 pair of socks of coarse blanketing, or 

 Duffield, for the feet, with a pair of deer-skin shoes over them ; 2 pair of thick 

 English stockings, and a pair of cloth stockings upon them ; breeches lined 

 with flannel ; 2 or 3 English jackets, and a fur or leather gown over them ; a 

 large beaver cap, double, to come over the face and shoulders, and a cloth of 

 blanketing under the chin ; with yarn gloves, and a large pair of beaver mit- 

 tens, hanging down from the shoulders before, to put the hands in, which 

 reach up as high as the elbows; yet notwithstanding this warm cloathing, al- 

 VOL. viii. 4 G 



