VOL. XLIV.] PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. 377 



As to speech, which is only sound or voice articulated into expression, the 

 tongue is not the sole organ for such articulation; the lips, teeth, and roof of 

 the mouth are instruments also for the same purpose ; the 2 latter for the neces- 

 sary resistance to the apex of the tongue, and the lips for the absolute articula- 

 tion and pronunciation of many letters ; however the following short examination 

 of the letters of the alphabet, as expressed by these organs, will demonstrate it. 



The tongue expresses some letters with its apex, and some with its root. 

 Those absolutely proper to the apex are only 5, d, 1, n, r, t. And those to 

 which it only assists, are the following letters, c, g, s, x, z; all which can be 

 performed by the teeth alone, and which this person did very well. 



Now the lip letters, and those expressed by the root of the tongue, she also 

 performed as well as any person; the former are b, f, m, p; and the latter are 

 k, q, x; and as to the vowels, and the aspiration h, since they are chiefly 

 sdunded by the exhalation of the voice, commanded partly by the lips in widen- 

 ing or straitening the capacity of the mouth, these she could also express ; so 

 that there was no letters she could not pronounce, except the 5 apex letters ; and 

 these she managed so well by bringing the under lip to her upper teeth, in the 

 course of her conversation, that any one could instantly apprehend every word 

 she said; and she further plainly proved the lips are a better succedaneum to the 

 apex, than that could be to the lips if they were wanting. 



Indeed it is natural enough for those who make the tongue the absolute and 

 sole instrument of speech, to imagine it as absurd to say a woman spoke 

 without a tongue, as that she saw without an eye; but when we consider the 

 provisional assisting organs ordained by the wise Author of Providence, serv- 

 ing to this necessary and expressive accomplishment. Dr. P. hopes it will not 

 seem so extremely marvellous, that she spoke without the body and apex of her 

 tongue, as to create any further doubt of the matter. 



Appendix to vol. xliv — Containing some Papers, whicf{ were not ready to 

 be inserted in the Order of their Date. 



1 . On several Species of small fVater Insects, \_Animalcula'\ of the Polypus Kind. 

 By Mr. Jh: Trembley F. R. S. From the French. Vol. 44, p. 627. \_ji1ppen.'] 



Mr. T. here gives an account of the observations he had made, subsequent to 

 those inserted in the Phil. Trans. N° 474, on polypi; describing at the same 

 time the apparatus he employed for this purpose. If we only propose, says 

 Mr. T. to examine for some moments the figures and the motions of water- 

 insects, [animalcula] we may be content with barely exposing such in the com- 

 mon way to the microscope in a few drops of water. But he can safely assert 

 from divers repeatad experiments, that it will often happen, with regard to several 



VOL. IX. 3 C 



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