504 PHILOSOPHICAL TKANSACTIONS. [aNNO 1779. 



would be able to articulate if he chose it. Several naturalists seem to leave this 

 question undetermined, from not having had the opportunity of dissecting this 

 very uncommon animal; others again overlook it, being deeply engaged in the 

 researches of other parts. Dr. C.'s object in this essay, is to prove the absolute 

 impossibility for the orang and other monkies to speak. Dr. C. being Professor 

 of Natural Philosophy, Anatomy, &c. in the University of Franeker in Fries- 

 land, he soon perceived the impossibility of understanding the most valuable 

 works of Galen (especially his anatomical works) without dissecting monkies, 

 with which to compare his exact descriptions. He got for that purpose, in 1754, 

 a cynocephalus, and admired the exactness of almost all Galen's descriptions. 

 The organ of speech however puzzled him much. He discovered in 1757, in 

 another cynocephalus, that the basis of the os hyoides was very large and hollow ; 

 and that a membranous bag, lying under the latissimi colli, which touch each 

 other in the middle of the neck in these animals, went up into this bony cavity, 

 having a communication with the inside of the larynx by a hole at the root of 

 the epiglottis. In the cynocephalus he found the whole organ of voice pretty 

 much like that of dogs, except the pouch d, n, o, i, tig. 4, pi. 5. Examin- 

 ing the root of the epiglottis, he found a hole i, p, tig. 3, being the real 

 orifice of the bag d, i, o, n, fig. 4. As all this lies above the rima glottidis i, 

 fig. 3, or i, h, fig. 4. He concluded, that the voice, liaving passed the glottis, 

 entered this membranous bag, d, n, o, i, by which the neck swelled, and out 

 of which the air was forced by the contraction of the latissimi colli. He had 

 often observed this swelling in some living apes, but now found out the reason 



his age. His works, consisting chiefly of academical dissertations, written, some in Dutch, others in 

 Latin, have been translated and published in a collected form, both in German and French. Of the 

 German edition, printed at Leyden, the 1st vol. came out in parts during the years 1782 

 and 1784 ; the 2d vol. during 1785 and 1787 ; and the 3d vol. during 1788 and 1790. The French 

 edition, likewise in 3 vols., was pubhshed at Paris in 1803. The most important dissertations on 

 natural history contained in these vols. (German edition) are those which relate to the anatomy of 

 the elephant, to' the structure of the bones in birds, to the mode of generation in the pipa of 

 Surinam, to the organ of hearing in whales, to the organ of hearing in lislies, to the organ of 

 speech in the orang outang, and to the structure of the siren lacertina. The subjects of the medical 

 and surgical papers are the contagious diseases of horned cattle, the inoculation of die sniall-pox, 

 the ruptures occurring in new-bom children, the operation for the stone, besides a sort of scientific 

 jeu d'esprit on the best shape for shoes, as adapted to the form and motion of the feet. 



Besides the dissertations above enumerated. Dr. C. sent to press, in his life-time, 2 patliological 

 treatises in Latin, the 1st on the structure and diseases of the human arm, and the 2d on tlie struc- 

 ture and diseases of the human pelvis. After his demise his Icones Herniarum were edited by pro- 

 fessor Soemmering, and a surgical dissertation in Latin, on fractures of the patella and olecranon, was 

 edited by his son. It only remains to notice his elegant and entertaining work on drawing, in which 

 art he attained great excellence. This work has been translated into English by Dr. Cadogan, under 

 the title of " The Connection of Anatomy with Design." 



