196 PUMPS AND THEIR VALUE TO MAN 



streams, water can be found ten or fifteen feet below the sur- 

 face. Water taken from such a depth has filtered through a 

 bed of soil, and is fairly safe for any purpose. Of course 

 the deeper the well, the safer will be the water. With the 

 use of such a pump as will be described, campers can, without 

 grave danger, throw dish water, etc., on the ground somewhat 

 remote from the camp ; this may not injure their drinking 

 water because the liquids will slowly seep through the ground, 

 and as they filter downward will lose their dangerous matter. 

 All the water which reaches the well pipes will have filtered 

 through the soil bed and therefore will probably be safe. 



But while the careless disposal of wastes may not spoil the 

 drinking water (in the well to be described), other laws of 

 health demand a thoughtful disposal of wastes. The mala- 

 rial mosquito and the typhoid fly flourish in unhygienic 

 quarters, and the only way to guard against their dangers is 

 to allow them neither food nor breeding place. 



The burning of garbage, the discharge of waters into cess- 

 pools, or, in temporary camps, the discharge of wastes to dis- 

 tant points through the agency of a cheap sewage pipe 

 will insure safety to campers, will lessen the trials of flies and 

 mosquitoes, and will add but little to the expense. 



187. A Cheap Well for Campers. A two-inch galvanized 

 iron pipe with a strong, pointed end containing small perfora- 

 tions is driven into the ground with a sledge hammer. After 

 it has penetrated for a few feet, another length is added and 

 the whole is driven down, and this is repeated until water is 

 reached. A cheap pump is then attached to the upper end 

 of the drill pipe and serves to raise the water. During the 

 drilling, some soil particles get into the pipe through the 

 perforations, and these cloud the water at first ; but after 

 the pipe has once been cleaned by the upward-moving water, 

 the supply remains clear. The flow from such a well is natur- 



