8 PROTEIN THERAPY 



tion of thei disease was undoubtedly shortened thereby and the 

 mortality lowered, but the difference between the treated and the un- 

 treated cases was seldom striking enough to popularize the method 

 among the general profession. Then it was that in Argentine a group 

 of physicians began the intravenous use of typhoid vaccine. Penna, 

 Tores, Dessy, Grafinola, Fossati, and others thereby obtained quite 

 remarkable results, the disease in some cases being aborted almost at 

 its inception, in others terminated by crisis, in others by lysis shortly 

 after the injection. 



Kraus, who was working in Argentine, heard of these results and 

 after observing the effects investigated whether other organisms would 

 not produce the same results when so injected. He found this to 

 be true with colon vaccine. 



Quite independently Ichikawa had reported on the advantage of 

 the intravenous injection of typhoid vaccine at a meeting of the 

 Medical Society of Osaka in April, 1912, and in 1914 reported his 

 results with 87 cases of typhoid treated with a sensitized vaccine. 

 The normal mortality in his untreated cases was over 30%; when 

 treated with the vaccine intravenously the mortality sank to 11% 

 and in more than half the cases the disease was terminated after 

 the first or second injection. Ichikawa made the further interesting 

 observation that when he treated paratyphoid fever with the same 

 typhoid vaccine, he obtained equally good results, i.e., the result 

 was not due to a strictly specific reaction. Ichikawa found that 

 following the typhoid injections in the paratyphoid patients, the spe- 

 cific paratyphoid antibodies were mobilized. 



Some hemorrhages were noted after the injections, although the 

 author considered them less frequent in the vaccinated group than in 

 the unvaccinated. Heart disease and pregnancy he naturally con- 

 sidered contraindications to the therapeutic injections because of the 

 pronounced reaction that followed the administration of intravenous 

 therapy. 



We had then two reports of heterobacteriotherapy that had yielded 

 startling clinical results typhoid treated with colon bacilli and para- 

 typhoid treated with typhoid vaccine clinical results that could not 

 well be denied, although the immunologist might still allege that we 

 were dealing with a group reaction, rather than a true heterobacterial 

 vaccine effect. 



Kraus, however, definitely settled this point when he reported 

 favorable results in puerperal infection treated with colon vaccine 

 and with this as a basis began the treatment of scarlet fever, plague 

 and septicemia. 



A predecessor of Kraus and perhaps the first observer who clearly 

 pointed out the value of heterobacteriotherapy was Renaud (1911). 

 He had been working with typhoid vaccine killed by quartz light radi- 

 ation and noted that the injection of such vaccine had a definite 



