18 PROTEIN THERAPY 



ployed, being injected intravenously whenever practical. Render bases 

 his dosage on the body weight, injecting 2 c.c. of serum per kilo. 

 Very little attention has therefore been paid to the determination of 

 the isoagglutinins that may be present in the serum injected intrave- 

 nously and at times rather severe reactions have been reported (Gries- 

 bach), probably because of the neglect of this precaution. Of course 

 the serum used should be tested by means of the Wassermann reaction 

 before injection. 



Antibacterial Serums and Antitoxins. Antitoxins of various kinds 

 and Antibacterial Serums have been widely used, these including diph- 

 theria and tetanus antitoxin, antistreptococcus, antipneumococcus, anti- 

 dysentery serum, etc. This paraspecific serum therapy, as it is com- 

 monly termed, has found extended use both in France and England, and 

 to some extent in this country. Such serums are not only used for 

 injection (intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous) but have 

 been given orally. Paton in his "New Serum Therapy" discusses this 

 method and the results obtained therewith. 



"In 1895 Bokenham had observed that the administration of diphtheria 

 antitoxin seemed effective against streptococcus infection; DQ Minicis the 

 following year administered diphtheria antitoxin orally in five patients 

 with good results; in 1897 Lilienthal observed the efficacy of Streptococcus 

 Serum in a variety of surgical conditions, while McCallum tried injec- 

 tions of diphtheria antitoxin in tuberculosis, lupus and adnexal inflam- 

 mations with good results. 



"On this basis Paton began his work, using antitoxins as well as sheep, 

 horse, and beef serum interchangeably in a large series of cases and vari- 

 ous diseases, with at times very interesting results. 



Warier took up this study in France and quotes a considerable litera- 

 ture dealing with therapy of this kind. 



"In pneumonia Talamon in 1901 treated about 115 cases with consid- 

 erable success with diphtheria antitoxin; Mongour used it in broncho- 

 pneumonia and pulmonary abscesses and Launois also treated several 

 cases. Deronet and Jeulin applied the treatment in 31 cases of pleurisy; 

 their favorable report was confirmed by Faure in a small series of cases. 

 Burkard used serum in the treatment of exophthalmic goiter and Bloch 

 obtained good results using tetanus antitoxin. Weil reported on the use 

 of such sera in hemophilia as well as in peritonitis, sepsis, puerperal in- 

 fection, etc. Freund in 1911 tried normal horse serum in the toxemia 

 of pregnancy. In typhoid Mongour and Cazamin, Marotte and Oui used 

 diphtheria antitoxin; Albert Levy used it in dysentery. In arthritis L. 

 Ramond and Chiray, Passavy and Chauvet and Guithard reported excel- 

 lent results. Iritis was treated by the same means and in erysipelas Lau- 

 nois, Apostolleaum, Polak and Mayweg reported good results." 



Cumston has but recently called attention to the fact that in 

 France paraspecific therapy has been commonly employed both in the 

 army and in civilian practice, particularly in ocular infections. Diph- 

 theria antitoxin is usually used for oral administration in military 



