SYPHILIS AND YAWS 63 



single flagellurn, which he has named Cytoryctes luis. They attained 

 their maximum number in the second and third weeks ; they were 

 seen also in stained sections of primary sores, and were found in 

 apes and rabbits after inoculation. They resemble very closely the 

 bodies described by Doehle. Siegel found that very thin (2 /*) 

 sections were required. In chancres the larger forms wereT found 

 inside, the smaller between the connective-tissue cells. Both rabbits 

 and guinea-pigs reacted to inoculation, and motile cytoryctes were 

 found in their blood and tissues. 



Spironema Pallida (Schaudinn). The discovery of slender motile 

 bodies in syphilitic tissues and fluids was announced in 1905 by 

 Schaudinn and Hoffmann, 1 and since that time the name of this 

 organism, at first called Spirochtzta pallida, has been changed to 

 Spironema pallida, because the organism differed in some funda- 

 mental respects from other spirochsetae : for instance, Schaudinn 

 was unable to demonstrate an undulating membrane, and there 

 appeared to be a long delicate flagellurn at each end. These differ- 

 ences justified the making of a new genus, Spironema. 



The organism was discovered in motion in unstained prepara- 

 tions. In fixed preparations, whether smears or sections, it was 

 found very difficult to stain the spironema, but after a time Giemsa's 2 

 modification of Romanowsky's double stain was found to be best for 

 the purpose ; but both Schaudinn and Hoffmann found that the most 

 useful and best way of seeing and appreciating the nature of the 

 organism is to watch it in life. This may be done by adding a little 

 physiological salt solution to a drop of serous secretion, which is 

 then to be simply placed between the slide and the cover-slip, and 

 evaporation is prevented by edging the cover-slip with vaseline. In 

 such preparations the movements of the parasites last a considerable 

 time. :1 



Since, as has been mentioned in Chapter III., the whole question 

 of the biological position of the spirochsetse, etc., is under considera- 



1 Schaudinn and Hoffmann, Deutsch. Med. Woch., April 23, 1905, and Arbeit, 

 aus der Kais. Gesund., 22, 1905. 



2 Giemsa, Deutsch. Med. Woch., No. 26, p. 1026, June 29, 1905. 



3 Hoffmann and Halle, Miinch. Mcd. Woch., July 31, 1906. 



