13 

 Vanessa C. album. COMMA. 



1. Formerly not uncommon in the Midland counties 

 of England, but now local and confined to the West, where 

 its numbers are gradually decreasing ; rare in Scotland and 

 Ireland. 



2. Hop (Humtdus lupitlits), Red Currant (Ribes rubrum), 

 Nettle (Uitica dioica), Elm (Ulmns campestris), and Willow 

 (Salix alba) . 



3. July to October. 



4. Orchards, where it feasts on fallen fruit, particularly 

 the Plum, also hedges where brambles and thistles are 

 abundant. 



Vanessa polychlonos. LARGE 



TORTOISESHELL. 



1. In England this butterfly is restricted to the Eastern, 

 Midland, and Southern counties, and though generally a 

 rare insect, has not been uncommon of late.* Scarce in 

 Scotland; unknown in Ireland. 



2. Two species of Elm (Ulmus campestris and U. niontana) 

 two species of Osiers (Salix viminalis and S. vitellina), Willow 

 (5. alba), Sallow (5. caprea), Aspen (Populus tvemula), and 

 various fruit trees, particularly the Cherry (Pnimis cerasus). 



3. July to August. 



4. Gardens, woods, and pastures. 



* See Explanations. 



