340 THE SCROPHULARIA FAMILY. [Rhinanthus. 



XII. RHINANTHUS. RATTLE. 



A genus limited to the single species described below, distinguished 

 from Pedicvlaris chiefly by the calyx and capsule. 



1. R. Crista-galli, Linn. (fig. 770). Common R. An erect, glabrous 

 or slightly hairy annual, with a shortly branched, fibrous root, which 

 attaches itself to the living roots of grasses and other plants by means 

 of slightly enlarged suckers. Stem from a few inches to a foot high, 

 simple or slightly branched. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, and more or 

 less coarsely toothed ; the floral ones broader, shorter, and more cut at 

 the base. Flowers in a loose, leafy spike ; the calyx nearly orbicular, 

 inflated, but compressed, contracted at the mouth, with 4 small teeth. 

 Corolla yellow, often with a purple spot on the upper, or upon both 

 lips ; the tube longer than the calyx ; the upper lip laterally compressed, 

 with a tooth or lobe on each side in front ; the lower lip shorter, with 

 3 spreading lobes. Stamens 4, in pairs, with obtuse, hairy anther- 

 cells. Capsule orbicular, flattened, with a few large, flat, usually winged 

 seeds. 



In meadows and pastures, in Europe and Russian Asia, from the 

 Mediterranean to the Arctic regions. Abundant in Britain, often 

 causing much injury to the herbage. Fl. summer, or sometimes later. It 

 varies much in stature, in the breadth of the leaves, in the size of the 

 flower, and in the form of the teeth of the upper lip ; and botanists 

 have distinguished three supposed species R. major, Ehrh., with large 

 flowers ; R. minor, Ehrh., with small flowers ; and R. angustifolius, with 

 linear leaves ; but further observation has shown that these forms are 

 neither constant, nor indications of permanent races. [Other characters 

 have been taken from the seeds, which are broadly winged, var. platyp- 

 tera; narrowly winged, in var. stenoptera; or wingless, var. aptera.] 



XIII. PEDICULARIS. PEDICULARIS. 



Herbs, with leaves alternate, or, in a very few species, whorled or 

 nearly opposite and pinnately lobed, toothed, or divided ; and, in the 

 British species, purple flowers, in leafy spikes or racemes. Calyx 

 broadly tubular, inflated after flowering, with 2 to 5 irregular, often 

 jagged teeth or lobes. Corolla with a distinct tube"; the upper lip 

 laterally compressed, entire or with a small tooth in front on each side. 

 Stamens 4, in pairs, the anther-cells not pointed. Capsule flattened, 

 more or less oblique at the top, with a few large seeds attached to the 

 lower part. 



A numerous genus in the mountains or colder regions of the northern 

 hemisphere, extending far into the Arctic Circle, and found also in some 

 of the tropical mountain-ranges. It is always readily known by the 

 foliage and calyx. 



Stems 1 to 2 feet high. Calyx with 2 short, broad, Jagged lobes. 

 Upper lip of the corolla with a tooth on each side, at or below 

 the middle 1. P.palustris 



Stems prostrate or spreading, not 6 inches long. Calyx 4- or 5- 

 toothed. Upper lip of the corolla without any teeth at or below 

 the middle 2. P. sylvatica 



1. P. palustris, Linn. (fig. 771). Red Rattle. A nearly glabrous 

 annual, with a rather thick root ; the stems erect, or, in dry situations, 



