20 GENERAL ANATOMY. 



compression and inspissation, and hence called flesh extract. From this is 

 again obtained: Water, Spirit (Osmazome), and Alcohol extract, according as 

 it is extracted with water, spirit, or alcohol. To the materials soluble in 

 water, merely, belong Ptyalin, the principle of saliva, colorless, scentless, and 

 tasteless, soluble in water, forming a slimy fluid, and which is only precipitated 

 from it by Alcohol. It is found only in Saliva, which changes Starch into 

 Sugar, and Kreatin (Chevreul). 



8. 3. Matter yielding gelatin 



is produced by long boiling, from cartilages, the cartilaginous basis of bones? 

 from the membranes, tendons, and ligaments, and from the cornea. A solu- 

 tion of gelatin in boiling water becomes, upon cooling, a jelly. We dis- 

 tinguish the proper Gelatin (colld) [C 52 H 40 N g 20 ], which is obtained from 

 the membranes, tendons, ligaments, and the cartilaginous basis of bone, from 

 the Chondrin [C 32 H 26 N 4 O ]4 ] which exists in the cartilages of the nose, of 

 the ears, the ribs, articular cartilages, and the cornea. (Pyine, the basis of pus 

 [Tritoxyd of Protein C 40 H 31 N. 15 -f- HO], is said to be, likewise, a gela- 

 tinous substance.) 



9. 4. Haematin, [C 44 H^ N 3 O 6 Fe], 



the colouring principle of the blood which is contained in the vesicles of the 

 coloured corpuscles suspend ed in the serum, is obtained by boiling fresh blood, 

 and evaporating it to dryness; the residue is then boiled with ^Ether, after- 

 wards with spirit, when the red matter is precipitated in flocculi. In a pure 

 state brownish black; contains Iron (also some oxyde of manganese) ; is solu- 

 ble in alkalies. [Hamatin may be obtained free from iron, as a red Pigment 

 C 44 H 22 N 3 6 .] 



10. 5. Principles of the Bile. (Berzdius.) 



a. Bilin, the essential principle of bile, is, in a pure state, when dry, colour- 

 less, transparent, not crystallised, bitter to the taste, easily soluble in water, 

 very readily metamorphosed; is decomposed by acids into Fellinic and Cho- 

 linic acids, Taurin, Dyslysin, and Ammonia. Its reaction is neither alkaline 

 nor acid, but it forms with acids and bases easily soluble compounds. 



b. Cholepyrrhin [biliphaein, Simon], colouring matter of bile, is sometimes 

 found as yellow powder deposited in bile, or as concretions in the gall-bladder 

 (gall stones) ; is bright reddish yellow, tasteless and scentless, contains nitrogen, 

 colours water pale yellow, being a little soluble therein, more so in a ley of 

 caustic potash or Soda, becomes at first bluish by Nitric acid, then green, violet, 

 red, and finally yellow or yellowish brown. The (green) Biliverdin is a pro- 

 duct of its metamorphosis by acids. 



Mucus from the biliary passages and the Gall-bladder, causes a certain 

 metamorphosis of the bile, is precipitated by Alcohol (also acetic acid). 



Bilifulvin, the yellow colouring matter of bile, is a double salt of lime and 

 of soda combined with an [organic] nitrogenous acid. 



Extractive matter, Cholesterin, oleate, margarate, and stearate of soda, with 

 some saponifiable fat. Chloride Sodium, sulphate, phosphate, and lactate of 

 soda ; phosphate of lime. 



[The formulae for the above do not appear to be accurately determined.] 



11. 6. Urea and Uric Acid. 



a. Urea [C 2 H 4 N 2 2 ], in the urine (with lactic acid) ; in ox blood ; in the 



