THE BONES. 71 



postic., instead of the proc. spinosus. Proc. transversi arise from the lateral 

 portions, are strong and provided with an eminence, for the oblique muscles of 

 the head. Incisurae vertebrates lie behind the proc. obliqui, are deep, and form, 

 almost alone, foram. intervertebral. ; the superior, for art., ven., vertebral, and n. 

 cervical, 1., forms with the foram. vertebrale a canal, often closed, which is at the 

 commencement vertical, then perpendicular. Foramen spinale wider than that 

 of the other vertebrae. 



II. Epistropheus, axis, dentatus, the second cervical vertebra, is particularly 

 distinguished by its odontoid process, which projects six lines from the ante- 

 rior superior part of the body; it has a broad basis, a contracted (brittle) 

 portion, collum, and the extremity terminates in a tubercle, apex, for the lig. 

 odontoid. Its spinous process is very long and strong, its foram. spinale cordi- 

 form and wide, its transverse process neither grooved nor bifid, the vertebral 

 foramen passing obliquely outwards, and the superior articulating surfaces 

 are nearly horizontal. 



III. Vertebra prominens, seventh cervical. The spinous process projects 

 strongly backwards, and has only one tubercle at the apex. Foram. verte- 

 brale, sometimes wanting, is frequently very narrow. On the body there 

 often is a semiarticular fossa, for the first rib. 



IV. First dorsal vertebra. On the body the projecting lateral borders as on 

 the cervical vertebrae; besides, one whole articular surface for the first rib 

 and half a one for the second rib. 



V. Eleventh dorsal vertebras. A complete articular fossa for the eleventh 

 rib ; instead of the transverse process, a tubercle. The twelfth dorsal ver- 

 tebra is distinguished from the eleventh by the curved surface of the inferior 

 articular processes, and their great projection in a vertical direction, down- 

 wards. 



VI. Fifth lumbar vertebra. The transverse processes are much larger than 

 those of the rest of the lumbar ; the inferior articular processes are more 

 widely separated, look directly forwards, are fiat, not convex. 



At the limits of any two regions, the characters of the vertebrae more 

 nearly assimilate. 



78. False Vertebrae, Vert, spurise. 



There are nine pieces, which in the adult are united together 

 into two bones. 



19. 1. Os Sacrum, 



originally consisting of five vertebras, lies at the posterior, central 

 part of the Pelvis, behind its point of junction with the thigh 

 bones ; above, it unites with the last lumbar vertebra, below with 

 the coccyx, right and left with the hip bones. 



Direction : oblique from before to behind, and from above to 

 below, forming with the lumbar vertebrae an obtuse angle, Pro- 

 montorium s. angul. sacro-vertebralis. 



Figure : a quadrangular pyramid with a blunt apex, the base 

 above. 



Muscles: glutseus. max.; ilio-costalis, s. Sacro-lumbalis ; 

 latissim. dor si; pyriformis; multifidus spinse. 



