THE LIGAMENTS. 99 



d. Ligaments of the Spinous processes: 



1. Ligg. interspinalia, fill the spaces between the Proc. spinosi, are wanting 

 in the neck, muscles existing there, are triangular on the Dorsal, thick and 

 quadrangular on the Lumbar vertebrae. 



2. Ligg. apicum, roundish, from the apex of the one to that of the next, 

 Proc. spinosus ; wanting in the neck. 



3. Lig. nuchce, cervical ligament, triangular, continuation of the Ligg. apic. 

 upwards, from the seventh cervical vertebra to ihe Spinet Ocdpit. extern., re- 

 ceiving vertical elongations from the fissure between the proc spinosi of the 

 superior cervical vertebrae. 



e. Ligaments of the transverse processes, ligg. intertransver- 

 salia, are thin strips between the apices of the transverse pro- 

 cesses, generally only on the Dorsal vert., placed here for the m. 

 levatores costarum et inultif. spintz; very often double. 



Movements of the Vertebral column: 1. Forwards [flexion]; 

 2. Backwards [extension]; 3. Inclination sideways; 4. Rotation. 

 The cervical portion is the most, the dorsal the least moveable. 



Connection of the Vertebral column with the Cranium, 

 Artimlatw capitis. 



a. The Atlas with the Occiput: 



1. Articular connection Ginglymus between Proc. condyl- 

 oldei occipitis and Proc. obliq. super, atlantis, for the movements 

 of the head, forwards and backwards, is maintained by : 



Ligg. capsularia, particularly strong anteriorly and externally, broad, yel- 

 lowish circles around the articular processes, between which a wide loose 

 synovial capsule. 



2. Ligaments: 



a. Ligam. obturatorium s. latum antei~ius, strong and elastic, extends between 

 the superior border of the Atlas and the pars, basilar. occipit.; before it in the 

 centre lies 



B. Lig. rectum s. lacertus (Weitbrechti) medius, a thick band, from tubercul. 

 antic, atlant. to the Proc. basilaris occipitis, strengthening the before mentioned 



y. Lig. obturatorium posterius, thin, broad, and slack, from the posterior arch 

 of the Atlas to the posterior circumference of the foram. magn., laterally per- 

 forated by the Art. vertebralis. 



J. Lig. laterale, cord-like, from the basis of the Proc. transvers. atlant. to the 

 proc. jugular, occipit., forms with a similar from the petrous bone, a ring, for 

 vena jugular, intern., Carotis intern., n. Hypoglossus, vagus, glossopharyng., access. 

 Willisii. 



b. The proc. dentiformis with the occipital bone, only by liga- 

 ments. 



1. Ligg. later alia proc. dentiformis s. alaria Maucharti, very strong and short, 

 from the sides of the apex of the odontoid process outwards to a fossa on the 

 inner side of each Condyle. They prevent too great lateral movement of the 

 head. 



2. Lig. suspensorium dentis, from the centre of the apex to the anterior border 

 of the great foramen, it thus forms a figure like an inverted letter j,, is quad- 

 rangular, and affixed to the Odontoid process. 



